TY  - EJOU
AU  - Polcari, Anthony J. 
AU  - Hugen, Cory M. 
AU  - Turk, Thomas M. 

TI  - Endoscopic management of upper tract  urothelial carcinoma
T2  - Canadian Journal of Urology

PY  - 2009
VL  - 16
IS  - 6
SN  - 1488-5581

AB  - While radical nephroureterectomy remains the gold 
standard of treatment for patients with upper tract 
urothelial tumors, technological advances have made 
endoscopic management possible. The careful selection 
of patients for such an approach is dependent upon an 
accurate diagnosis and an understanding of the natural 
history of the disease. High grade tumors behave 
aggressively and warrant radical extirpation unless an 
absolute contraindication exists. Motivated patients 
with low grade tumors and relative contraindications to 
nephroureterectomy can be managed with percutaneous 
or retrograde ureteroscopic techniques. High recurrence 
rates in the ipsilateral upper tract and bladder mandate 
close surveillance of patients treated conservatively. We 
review the important diagnostic, staging, technical, and 
surveillance issues in the endoscopic treatment of upper 
tract urothelial carcinoma.
KW  - endoscopic
KW  -  upper tract
KW  -  urothelial  carcinoma
KW  -  ureteroscopic
KW  -  percutaneous

DO  -