@Article{,
AUTHOR = {Nazila Yavari, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Ulrika Segersten, Per-Uno Malmstrom},
TITLE = {An overview on preclinical and clinical experiences with photodynamic therapy for bladder cancer},
JOURNAL = {Canadian Journal of Urology},
VOLUME = {18},
YEAR = {2011},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {5778--5786},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CJU/v18n4/61892},
ISSN = {1488-5581},
ABSTRACT = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the most interesting 
methods of photo treatment. In general, PDT is a modality 
for the treatment of non-muscle invasive tumors. PDT 
is very well suited in managing bladder cancer, as the 
bladder is accessible by endoscopy and the tumors are 
most often limited to the mucosa or sub-mucosa. PDT 
is likely more useful for patients with recurrent tumors 
after conventional therapies, as well as for patients with 
diffuse non-muscle invasive bladder carcinomas that are 
refractory to standard treatments before the commitment 
to radical extirpative surgery, particularly in patients at 
surgical high risk. The treatment of tumors with PDT 
includes three major parameters: presence of oxygen in 
tumor tissue, administration of a photosensitizer, and 
subsequent exposure to light. The PDT mechanism 
relies on the in situ generation of cytotoxic agents by the 
activation of a light-sensitive drug, resulting in cell death. 
In this review, we present past and current advances in 
the use of PDT with urinary bladder cancer and discuss 
the future roles for this type of therapy in the treatment 
of bladder cancer.},
DOI = {}
}