@Article{,
AUTHOR = {Bob Djavan, Kathleen Nelson, Amir Kazzazi, Aron Bruhn, Helen Sadri, Alejandro Gomez-Pinillos, Anna C. Ferrari},
TITLE = {Immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced  prostate cancer},
JOURNAL = {Canadian Journal of Urology},
VOLUME = {18},
YEAR = {2011},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {5865--5874},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CJU/v18n5/61872},
ISSN = {1488-5581},
ABSTRACT = {Prostate cancer is a complex disease, and treatment 
selection is informed by numerous variables depending 
on the stage of disease. Moreover, patient expectations 
and the impact of treatment-related adverse events may 
infl uence treatment choices. Available treatment options 
over the course of the disease have included surgery, 
radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, 
and chemotherapy. This complexity requires an 
understanding of a wide range of treatment options and 
the support of a multidisciplinary team that involves 
urologists, radiation oncologists, diagnostic radiologists, 
pathologists, and medical oncologists. Collaboration 
among these physicians allows for a comprehensive 
treatment strategy that addresses the individual needs 
of the patient throughout the course of his disease. 
Prior to 2004, treatment options for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) were limited to 
therapies for palliation of pain and reduction of skeletal-related events. Over the past 7 years, four therapeutic 
options—three within the last 2 years—that provide 
a survival benefi t in this setting have been approved. 
These therapies have diverse mechanisms, perhaps 
reflecting the complex nature of advanced prostate 
cancer. Among them is sipuleucel-T, the fi rst autologous 
immunotherapy approved for any cancer. This review 
will discuss the rapidly changing treatment environment 
for metastatic CRPC and the increased exploration of 
immunotherapeutic approaches to advanced prostate 
cancer.},
DOI = {}
}