@Article{,
AUTHOR = {David A. Rebuck, Robert B. Nadler, Kent T. Perry},
TITLE = {Trajectory image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation in a porcine model: a pilot study},
JOURNAL = {Canadian Journal of Urology},
VOLUME = {19},
YEAR = {2012},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {6094--6099},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CJU/v19n1/61840},
ISSN = {1488-5581},
ABSTRACT = {<b>Introduction:</b> To assess the technical feasibility and safety of trajectory image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation in a porcine model.<br/>

<b>Materials and methods:</b> Six pigs (12 kidneys) were utilized. Only the posterior and lateral regions of the kidneys were considered. A bone-anchored dynamic reference frame (DRF) was inserted into the iliac crest and the O-Arm and StealthStation TREON System (OASSTS, Medtronic, CO, USA) was used to acquire 3-dimensional (3D) imaging of the kidneys. A hand-held pointing device was crafted from a cryoablation needle (Galil Medical, MN, USA) and an optical reference frame. The hand-held pointer/cryoablation needle ("cryoprobe") was then optically recognized by the OASSTS. The cryoprobe was then used to navigate its tip into a randomly chosen renal region of interest using 3D trajectory images. Two freeze-thaw cryoablation cycles were then performed. We assessed treatment times and effective radiation doses. We also assessed concordance between projected iceball location on trajectory imaging and cryolesion location on necropsy.<br/>

<b>Results:</b> The mean total treatment time was 24.0 minutes. The mean effective radiation dose was 23.7 mSv per kidney treated. The trajectory-guided images used to place the cryoprobe tips into the renal region of interest agreed with the necropsy-determined location of the cryolesion in all cases. Injury to a lumbar muscle and a renal pelvis were observed in two separate cases, respectively.<br/>

<b>Conclusions:</b> Trajectory image-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation using OASSTS is technically feasible, appears safe, and is associated with acceptable levels of radiation exposure. Comparison of trajectory image-guidance and cryolesions on necropsy demonstrated concordant needle placement.},
DOI = {}
}