@Article{,
AUTHOR = {Azadeh Nazemi, Jesse Persily, James S. Wysock},
TITLE = {Testicular schistosomiasis: a systematic  review of the literature},
JOURNAL = {Canadian Journal of Urology},
VOLUME = {29},
YEAR = {2022},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {11366--11370},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CJU/v29n6/59746},
ISSN = {1488-5581},
ABSTRACT = {<b>Introduction:</b> To consolidate reported information on presentation, diagnosis, and treatment modalities in testicular schistosomiasis (TS) to provide a reference tool for this rare disease.<br/>
<b>Materials and methods:</b> A comprehensive PubMed search was performed using PRISMA guidelines, which yielded 21 articles detailing 22 cases of TS.<br/>
<b>Results:</b> Testicular schistosomiasis remains a rare disease, presenting at a variety of ages (median age 27). All reports of this condition are associated with exposure to an endemic area. The most common presenting symptoms include nonspecific testicular swelling (54.5%) followed by a testicular mass/nodule (18.4%). Diagnosis relies upon clinical suspicion due to low specificity on laboratory and imaging evaluation, with only 18% of urine evaluations positive for parasitic infection. Final diagnosis was made on biopsy (38.1%), radical orchiectomy (47.6%) or frozen section during partial orchiectomy (14.3%). Treatment included anthelmintic mediation (37%), radical/partial orchiectomy (31%), or some combination of the above.<br/>
<b>Conclusions:</b> This systematic review of individual patient data reveals that while urine tests and imaging may aid in diagnosis, all patients require definitive histologic diagnosis. It is important to obtain a thorough history to elucidate exposure to endemic areas and inform whether biopsy, and subsequent testicular preservation, may be appropriate.},
DOI = {}
}