TY  - EJOU
AU  - Bener, Abdulbari 
AU  - Üstündağ, Ünsal Veli 
AU  - Barışık, Emir 
AU  - Barışık, Cem Cahit 

TI  - Determination and assessing the role of serum calcium, vitamin D, ferritin, and uric acid levels on prostate cancer risk
T2  - Canadian Journal of Urology

PY  - 2025
VL  - 32
IS  - 5
SN  - 1488-5581

AB  -  <b>Objectives:</b> The evidence remains insufficient and controversial for evaluating modifiable parameters—such as vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acid—as preclinical biomarkers to contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of prostate cancer, a disease with a prevalence of up to 10%–20% in men over 50 and strongly associated with environmental factors including diet (high in fat and red meat), obesity, physical inactivity, and carcinogen exposure. This study aims to investigate the potential biomarker role of vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acids in reducing the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). <b>Methods:</b> The case-control design was employed, involving 496 PCa cases and 496 controls aged 35 and above. Data collection included sociodemographic details, radiological findings, clinical history, and biochemical markers. <b>Results:</b> Advanced age, cigarette and hookah use, alcohol consumption, processed food intake, chemical exposure, obesity, poor dietary habits, stress, and reduced sleep duration were more prevalent in the PCa group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Symptoms such as hematuria, anemia, infections, and fatigue were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Hypocalcemia (<i>p</i> < 0.001), vitamin D deficiency (<i>p</i> < 0.001), elevated uric acid levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001), increased ferritin (<i>p</i> = 0.005), and elevated systolic blood pressure (<i>p</i> = 0.004) were identified as key risk factors. <b>Conclusion:</b> The current study suggests that vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acids may serve as promising biomarkers for the detection of PCa. The rising incidence of PCa could be attributed to lifestyle, environmental, and hereditary factors, nutrition, alcohol consumption, hookah use, and cigarette smoking.
KW  - epidemiology; prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen (PSA); calcium; vitamin D; uric acids; lifestyle; cigarette smoking; hookah and alcohol use

DO  - 10.32604/cju.2025.067184