@Article{cmes.2026.081371,
AUTHOR = {AL-Wesabi Ibrahim, Hassan M. Hussein Farh, Jiazhu Xu, Mohamad A. Alawad, Ahmed Alqurashi, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma'a},
TITLE = {A Hybrid MZOA-PSO Optimized Cascaded PI(1+DD)-PI-PID Controller for Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles},
JOURNAL = {Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences},
VOLUME = {},
YEAR = {},
NUMBER = {},
PAGES = {{pages}},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CMES/online/detail/27275},
ISSN = {1526-1506},
ABSTRACT = {Load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power systems has always been a challenging task in the
presence of uncertainty and variability in the power systems arising primarily due to the integration of renewable energy
sources and the impact of electric vehicles on the power system. Although various PI/PID and other advanced control
strategies have been employed for LFC in power systems, the existing methods have shown some limitations in terms of
dynamic flexibility and robustness in the presence of nonlinearities and couplings in the power systems. Moreover, the
optimization methods employed for the tuning of the controllers have shown some limitations in terms of the balance
between global and local search abilities of the optimization functions. To overcome the limitations of the existing
methods and optimization functions, a hybrid Modified Zebra Optimization Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization
(MZOA-PSO) is presented in this paper for the optimization of a cascaded PI(1+DD)-PI-PID controller for LFC in
power systems. The MZOA enhances the original ZOA by chaotic initialization, adaptive parameter control, and Lévyflight foraging to improve the global search ability, while PSO ensures efficient local search ability. The optimizer is
first validated using four benchmark functions, achieving the global optimum for the Booth and Zakharov functions,
a mean value of 2.13 × 10<sup>−28</sup> with a 98% success rate for Rosenbrock, and 3.21 × 10<sup>−81</sup> for Schwefel 2.22. Under a 1% step
load perturbation, the proposed controller achieves a 13 s settling time, zero negative deviation in Area 2, a maximum
positive excursion of 0.10 Hz, and tie-line undershoot limited to −0.10 p.u. Under random load variations, deviations
remain within ±0.03 Hz and ±0.02 p.u. Under RES and EV integration, the peak frequency deviation is reduced to
0.46 Hz in Area 1. These results confirm that the proposed hybrid MZOA-PSO tuned cascaded controller provides
improved damping, faster stabilization, and stronger robustness for modern interconnected LFC systems.},
DOI = {10.32604/cmes.2026.081371}
}