@Article{cmes.2020.08716,
AUTHOR = {Xiang Liu, Liangbo Sun, Mingzhen Wang, Bin Li, Lisheng Liu},
TITLE = {Modeling and Simulation of Valve Cycle in Vein Using an Immersed Finite Element Method},
JOURNAL = {Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences},
VOLUME = {123},
YEAR = {2020},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {153--183},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CMES/v123n1/38488},
ISSN = {1526-1506},
ABSTRACT = {A vein model was established to simulate the periodic characteristics of blood 
flow and valve deformation in blood-induced valve cycles. Using an immersed finite 
element method which was modified by a ghost fluid technique, the interaction between 
the vein and blood was simulated. With an independent solid solver, the contact force 
between vein tissues was calculated using an adhesive contact method. A benchmark 
simulation of the normal valve cycle validated the proposed model for a healthy vein. 
Both the opening orifice and blood flow rate agreed with those in the physiology. Low 
blood shear stress and maximum leaflet stress were also seen in the base region of the 
valve. On the basis of the healthy model, a diseased vein model was subsequently built to 
explore the sinus lesions, namely, fibrosis and atrophy which are assumed stiffening and 
softening of the sinus. Our results showed the opening orifice of the diseased vein was 
inversely proportional to the corresponding modulus of the sinus. A drop in the 
transvalvular pressure gradient resulted from the sinus lesion. Compared to the fibrosis, 
the atrophy of the sinus apparently improved the vein deformability but simultaneously 
accelerated the deterioration of venous disease and increased the risk of potential fracture. 
These results provide understandings of the normal/abnormal valve cycle in vein, and can 
be also helpful for the prosthesis design.},
DOI = {10.32604/cmes.2020.08716}
}