@Article{cmes.2023.026065,
AUTHOR = {Abdullah Ahmed Al-Dulaimi, Muhammet Tahir Guneser, Alaa Ali Hameed, Mohammad Shukri Salman},
TITLE = {Automated Classification of Snow-Covered Solar Panel Surfaces Based on Deep Learning Approaches},
JOURNAL = {Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences},
VOLUME = {136},
YEAR = {2023},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {2291--2319},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/CMES/v136n3/51812},
ISSN = {1526-1506},
ABSTRACT = {Recently, the demand for renewable energy has increased due to its environmental and economic needs. Solar
panels are the mainstay for dealing with solar energy and converting it into another form of usable energy. Solar
panels work under suitable climatic conditions that allow the light photons to access the solar cells, as any blocking
of sunlight on these cells causes a halt in the panels work and restricts the carry of these photons. Thus, the panels
are unable to work under these conditions. A layer of snow forms on the solar panels due to snowfall in areas with
low temperatures. Therefore, it causes an insulating layer on solar panels and the inability to produce electrical
energy. The detection of snow-covered solar panels is crucial, as it allows us the opportunity to remove snow using
some heating techniques more efficiently and restore the photovoltaics system to proper operation. This paper
presents five deep learning models, -16, -19, ESNET-18, ESNET-50, and ESNET-101, which are
used for the recognition and classification of solar panel images. In this paper, two different cases were applied;
the first case is performed on the original dataset without trying any kind of preprocessing, and the second case
is extreme climate conditions and simulated by generating motion noise. Furthermore, the dataset was replicated
using the upsampling technique in order to handle the unbalancing issue. The conducted dataset is divided into
three different categories, namely; all_snow, no_snow, and partial snow. The five models are trained, validated, and
tested on this dataset under the same conditions 60% training, 20% validation, and testing 20% for both cases.
The accuracy of the models has been compared and verified to distinguish and classify the processed dataset. The
accuracy results in the first case show that the compared models -16, -19, ESNET-18, and ESNET-50
give 0.9592, while ESNET-101 gives 0.9694. In the second case, the models outperformed their counterparts in
the first case by evaluating performance, where the accuracy results reached 1.00, 0.9545, 0.9888, 1.00. and 1.00
for -16, -19, ESNET-18 and ESNET-50, respectively. Consequently, we conclude that the second case
models outperformed their peers.},
DOI = {10.32604/cmes.2023.026065}
}