TY  - EJOU
AU  - Zhang, Rui 
AU  - Wang, Lixiang 
AU  - Li, Jing 
AU  - Feng, Chun 
AU  - Zhang, Yiming 

TI  - Numerical Analysis of Perforation during Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Based on Continuous–Discontinuous Element Method
T2  - Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences

PY  - 2024
VL  - 140
IS  - 2
SN  - 1526-1506

AB  - Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations. Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing and boosting oil or gas production. In this study, we employ a hybrid finite-discrete element method, known as the continuous–discontinuous element method (CDEM), to simulate the initiation of post-perforation hydraulic fractures and to derive enhanced design parameters. The model incorporates the four most prevalent perforation geometries, as delineated in an engineering technical report. Real-world perforations deviate from the ideal cylindrical shape, exhibiting variable cross-sectional profiles that typically manifest as an initial constriction followed by an expansion, a feature consistent across all four perforation types. Our simulations take into account variations in perforation hole geometries, cross-sectional diameters, and perforation lengths. The findings show that perforations generated by the 39g DP3 HMX perforating bullet yield the lowest breakdown pressure, which inversely correlates with increases in sectional diameter and perforation length. Moreover, this study reveals the relationship between breakdown pressure and fracture degree, providing valuable insights for engineers and designers to refine perforation strategies.
KW  - Hydraulic fracturing; real perforation shape; breakdown pressure; perforation layout design; CDEM

DO  - 10.32604/cmes.2024.049885