TY  - EJOU
AU  - Hamzah, Muhammad 
AU  - Ramzan, Muhammad 
AU  - Almehizia, Abdulrahman A. 
AU  - Mahariq, Ibrahim 
AU  - Al-Essa, Laila A. 
AU  - Hassan, Ahmed S. 

TI  - Novel Analysis of <i>SiO<sub>2</sub> + ZnO + MWCNT</i>-Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in Electromagnetic Squeezing Systems
T2  - Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences

PY  - 2026
VL  - 146
IS  - 1
SN  - 1526-1506

AB  - The present investigation inspects the unsteady, incompressible MHD-induced flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid made of <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-4"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> (silicon dioxide), <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-5"><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:math> (zinc oxide), and <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-6"><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math> (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) suspended in a water-ethylene glycol base fluid between two perforated squeezing Riga plates. This problem is important because it helps us understand the complicated connections between magnetic fields, nanofluid dynamics, and heat transport, all of which are critical for designing thermal management systems. These findings are especially useful for improving the design of innovative cooling technologies in electronics, energy systems, and healthcare applications. No prior study has been done on the theoretical study of the flow of ternary nanofluid <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-7"><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>60</mml:mn><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="negativethinmathspace"/><mml:mn>40</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> past a pierced squeezed Riga plates using the boundary value problem solver 4th-order collocation (BVP4C) numerical approach to date. So, the current work has been carried out to fill this gap, and the core purpose of this study is to explore the aspects that enhance the heat transfer of base fluids <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-8"><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> suspended with three nanomaterials <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-9"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math> and <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-10"><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math>. The Riga plates introduce electromagnetic forcing through an embedded array of magnets and electrodes, generating Lorentz forces to regulate the flow. The squeezing effect introduces dynamic boundary movement, which enhances mixing; however, permeability, due to porosity, replicates the true material limits. Similarity transformations of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations result in a highly nonlinear set of ordinary differential equations that govern momentum and thermal energy transport. The subsequent boundary value problem is solved utilizing the BVP4C numerical approach. The study observes the impact of magnetic parameters, squeezing velocity, solid volume percentages of the three nanoparticles, and porous medium factors on velocity and temperature fields. Results show that magnetic fields reduce the velocity profile by 6.75% due to increased squeezing and medium effects. Tri-hybrid nanofluids notice a 9% rise in temperature with higher thermal radiation.
KW  - Ternary hybrid nanofluid; thermal radiation; MATLAB; Riga plates; porous medium; squeezing flow; electromagnetic field

DO  - 10.32604/cmes.2025.070435