TY  - EJOU
AU  - K, Swetha 
AU  - Darmanayagam, Shiloah Elizabeth 
AU  - Cyril, Sunil Retmin Raj 

TI  - MMF-CycleGAN: A Multi-Scale Generative Framework for Robust and Identity-Preserving Face Frontalization
T2  - Computer Modeling in Engineering \& Sciences

PY  - 2026
VL  - 146
IS  - 3
SN  - 1526-1506

AB  - Recognizing frontal faces from non-frontal or profile images is a major problem due to pose changes, self-occlusions, and the complete loss of important structural and textural components, depressing recognition accuracy and visual fidelity. This paper introduces a new deep generative framework, Modified Multi-Scale Fused CycleGAN (MMF-CycleGAN), for robust and photo-realistic profile-to-frontal face synthesis. The MMF-CycleGAN framework utilizes pre-processing and then the generator employs a Deep Dilated DenseNet encoder-based hierarchical feature extraction along with a transformer and decoder. The proposed Multi-Scale Fusion PatchGAN discriminator enforces consistency at multiple spatial resolutions, leading to sharper textures and improved global facial geometry. Also, GAN training stability and identity preservation are improved through the Ranger optimizer, which effectively balances adversarial, identity, and cycle-consistency losses. Experiments on three benchmark datasets show that MMF-CycleGAN achieves accuracy of 0.9541, 0.9455, and 0.9422, F1-scores of 0.9654, 0.9641, and 0.9614, and AUC values of 0.9742, 0.9714, and 0.9698, respectively, and the extreme-pose accuracy (yaw > 60°) reaches 0.92. Despite its enhanced architecture, the framework maintains an efficient inference time of 0.042 s per image, making it suitable for real-time biometric authentication, surveillance, and security applications in unconstrained environments.
KW  - Face image frontalization; CycleGAN; DenseNet; feature fusion; PatchGAN discriminator; optimization and identity preservation

DO  - 10.32604/cmes.2026.077293