Open Access

ARTICLE

Risk Factors for Abuse in Children with Congenital Heart Disease Presenting at a Pediatric Tertiary Care Hospital

Kristi K. Westphaln^1,2,*, Karen Kay Imagawa^2,3, Lorena Espinosa Smith^1,4, Julia Srivastava⁵, Nancy A. Pike^1,5

1 School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
2 Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Audrey Hepburn CARES Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
3 Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
4 Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
5 Department of Pediatrics Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

* Corresponding Author: Kristi K. Westphaln. Email: