TY  - EJOU
AU  - Shaheer, Muhammad 
AU  - Zeng, Feng 
AU  - Yasmeen, Aqsa 
AU  - Wani, Mudasir Ahmad 
AU  - Shakil, Kashish Ara 
AU  - Asim, Muhammad 

TI  - MalDetect-IoT: Enhanced IoT Malware Variant Detection with a Deep Stacked Ensemble Approach
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 
VL  - 
IS  - 
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - Malware remains a persistent and evolving threat to digital security, highlighting the need for advanced and resilient detection frameworks capable of mitigating increasingly sophisticated and evasive cyberattacks. Although deep learning ensembles have been explored, many existing approaches fail to balance computational efficiency with the diverse feature extraction capabilities needed for complex variants. To address this gap, this study proposes a novel stacking ensemble framework, MalDetect-IoT, which specifically eliminates the requirement for manual feature engineering and domain specific preprocessing traditionally required in malware classification. By fine-tuning two pre-trained models MobileNetV3 for its lightweight efficiency and Xception for its depthwise distinct convolutions within a stacked architecture, the ensemble achieves superior reliability and predictive accuracy while remaining suitable for resource limited Internet of Things (IoT) environments. The proposed approach leverages complementary features to identify nuanced structural characteristics in malware binaries transformed into images, achieving domain knowledge independence. The proposed approach was evaluated on two benchmark datasets, achieving accuracies of 98.75% on the Malimg dataset (9335 images) and 98.55% on the MaleVis dataset (14,226 images). Statistical validation via McNemar’s test and a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.983 confirm that the framework consistently surpasses state of the art methodologies in effectively identifying malware instances.
KW  - Malware detection; Internet of Things (IoT); deep learning; stacking ensemble; transfer learning; image-based malware classification

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2026.079701