TY  - EJOU
AU  - Zhang, Hantian 
AU  - Wu, Wentai 

TI  - Do LLMs Know When Evidence is Insufficient? An Evidence Sufficiency Benchmark for Answer-Abstention Calibration in Retrieval-Augmented Generation
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 
VL  - 
IS  - 
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, where they are expected to answer questions based on retrieved evidence. In many cases, however, the right behavior is not to answer. A model should abstain when the evidence is insufficient, irrelevant, or contradictory. Existing evaluations mainly focus on final-answer accuracy, and they often pay less attention to whether models can recognize evidence quality before responding. To study this problem, we propose the Evidence Sufficiency Benchmark, a five-level benchmark for evaluating answer-abstention calibration. The benchmark covers evidence conditions from L1 Full Support to L5 Conflicting Evidence, including fully supportive, partially supportive, irrelevant, absent, and conflicting evidence. We evaluate seven LLMs from five families on the full L1–L5 gradient under three prompting strategies. The results show that current LLMs still have clear limitations in evidence-based abstention. Under L5 conflicting evidence, all evaluated models show high over-answer rates, ranging from 65% to 91%. The evidence sufficiency curves show that models reduce their answer rates as evidence quality decreases, but their abstention behavior remains unreliable. Chain-of-thought prompting improves abstention for some models, although the effect is not consistent across model families. Human validation on 200 samples further supports the reliability of the automatic evaluation. Overall, our findings suggest that current LLMs still struggle to recognize when evidence is insufficient in RAG settings.
KW  - Large language models; retrieval-augmented generation; evidence sufficiency; abstention calibration; over-answering; benchmark evaluation

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2026.086343