TY  - EJOU
AU  - Ghani, Muhammad Usman 
AU  - Javed, Muhammad 
AU  - Haider, Zeeshan Ali 
AU  - Yusof, Mohd Faizal Bin 
AU  - Alsayaydeh, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil 
AU  - Ullah, Inam 
AU  - Khan, Fida Muhammad 

TI  - Optimized Hybrid Deep Learning Frameworks for IoT Cybersecurity against IoT Attacks in Smart Cities
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 
VL  - 
IS  - 
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - The Internet of Things (IoT) networks in smart cities experience high-dimensional, time-dependent traffic types, and the detection of attacks is difficult in a timely fashion, particularly in the case of imbalanced classes of attacks. Two hybrid deep learning-based intrusion detection frameworks, TimeSpaceNet and ContextFusionNet, are proposed for IoT intrusion detection: TimeSpaceNet, a CNN-LSTM model enhanced with spatial-temporal normalization, and ContextFusionNet, a CNN-BiLSTM model strengthened with contextual fusion attention. For both models, class imbalance is addressed with SMOTE, and training convergence is assisted by the ADOPT optimizer. All the models are tested on the IoT Bot dataset, which contains benign traffic and several categories of IoT attack, including DDoS, DoS, key logging, and data theft. The experimental results show that ContextFusionNet achieves the best overall performance, with accuracy of 97.2%, precision of 96.3%, recall of 94.6%, and F1-score of 95.4%. TimeSpaceNet also has high accuracy (95.4%), precision (94.2%), recall (91.0%), and F1-score (92.5%). These results indicate that a combination of spatial feature extraction, bidirectional temporal modeling, and attention-based fusion is beneficial for improved threat detection in IoT systems, across both attack classes and the accuracy for underrepresented attacks. The proposed framework provides a promising basis for smart-city IoT cybersecurity, while future work should evaluate deployment performance on larger real-time and edge-based environments.
KW  - IoT security; deep learning; TimeSpaceNet; ContextFusionNet; spatial-temporal normalization; contextual fusion attention; cyberattack detection; smart cities

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2026.083690