TY  - EJOU
AU  - Assad, Mamdouh El Haj 
AU  - Mahariq, Ibrahim 
AU  - Barakeh, Zaher Al 
AU  - Khasawneh, Mahmoud 
AU  - Amooie, Mohammad Ali 

TI  - Modeling CO<sub>2</sub> Emission of Middle Eastern Countries Using Intelligent Methods
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2021
VL  - 69
IS  - 3
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - CO<sub>2</sub> emission is considerably dependent on energy consumption and on share of energy sources as well as on the extent of economic activities. Consequently, these factors must be considered for CO<sub>2</sub> emission prediction for seven middle eastern countries including Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Qatar. In order to propose a predictive model, a Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP ANN) is applied. Three transfer functions including logsig, tansig and radial basis functions are utilized in the hidden layer of the network. Moreover, various numbers of neurons are applied in the structure of the models. It is revealed that using MLP ANN makes it possible to accurately predict CO<sub>2</sub> emission of these countries. In addition, it is concluded that using logsig transfer function leads to the highest accuracy with minimum value of mean squared error (MSE) which is followed by the networks with radial basis and tansig transfer functions. The R-squared of the networks with logsig, radial basis and tansig transfer functions are 0.9998, 0.9997 and 0.9996, respectively. Finally, comparison of the proposed model with a similar study, considered five countries in the same region, reveals higher accuracy in term of MSE.
KW  - CO<sub>2</sub> emission; artificial neural network; middle eastern countries; transfer function

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2021.018872