TY  - EJOU
AU  - Ruan, Huajiang 
AU  - Sun, Panjun 
AU  - Dong, Yuanyuan 
AU  - Tahaei, Hamid 
AU  - Fang, Zhaoxi 

TI  - An Overview of LoRa Localization Technologies
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2025
VL  - 82
IS  - 2
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - Traditional Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, with its high power consumption and limited performance in obstructed environments, is unsuitable for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper explores LoRa as an alternative localization technology, leveraging its low power consumption, robust indoor penetration, and extensive coverage area, which render it highly suitable for diverse IoT settings. We comprehensively review several LoRa-based localization techniques, including time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), round trip time (RTT), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and fingerprinting methods. Through this review, we evaluate the strengths and limitations of each technique and investigate hybrid models to potentially improve positioning accuracy. Case studies in smart cities, agriculture, and logistics exemplify the versatility of LoRa for indoor and outdoor applications. Our findings demonstrate that LoRa technology not only overcomes the limitations of GPS regarding power consumption and coverage but also enhances the scalability and efficiency of IoT deployments in complex environments.
KW  - LoRa localization; IoT; TDoA; RSSI; application; hybrid models

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2024.059746