TY  - EJOU
AU  - Khan, Hamza Murad 
AU  - Khan, Anwar 
AU  - Villar, Santos Gracia 
AU  - Lopez, Luis Alonso Dzul 
AU  - Almaleh, Abdulaziz 
AU  - Al-Qahtani, Abdullah M. 

TI  - A Comparative Study of Optimized-LSTM Models Using Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator for Traffic Flow Forecasting in Intelligent Transportation
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2025
VL  - 83
IS  - 2
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - Traffic forecasting with high precision aids Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in formulating and optimizing traffic management strategies. The algorithms used for tuning the hyperparameters of the deep learning models often have accurate results at the expense of high computational complexity. To address this problem, this paper uses the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) to tune the hyperparameters of the Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) deep learning framework. The Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) uses a probabilistic approach with an adaptive searching mechanism by classifying the objective function values into good and bad samples. This ensures fast convergence in tuning the hyperparameter values in the deep learning model for performing prediction while still maintaining a certain degree of accuracy. It also overcomes the problem of converging to local optima and avoids time-consuming random search and, therefore, avoids high computational complexity in prediction accuracy. The proposed scheme first performs data smoothing and normalization on the input data, which is then fed to the input of the TPE for tuning the hyperparameters. The traffic data is then input to the LSTM model with tuned parameters to perform the traffic prediction. The three optimizers: Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSProp), and Stochastic Gradient Descend with Momentum (SGDM) are also evaluated for accuracy prediction and the best optimizer is then chosen for final traffic prediction in TPE-LSTM model. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed model in terms of accuracy of prediction over the benchmark schemes.
KW  - Short-term traffic prediction; sequential time series prediction; TPE; tree-structured parzen estimator; LSTM; hyperparameter tuning; hybrid prediction model

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2025.060474