@Article{cmc.2025.068273,
AUTHOR = {Abeer S. Al-Humaimeedy},
TITLE = {3RVAV: A Three-Round Voting and Proof-of-Stake Consensus Protocol with Provable Byzantine Fault Tolerance},
JOURNAL = {Computers, Materials \& Continua},
VOLUME = {85},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {5207--5236},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/cmc/v85n3/64175},
ISSN = {1546-2226},
ABSTRACT = {This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving -threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides  resistance to Sybil attacks with  participants and stake , while maintaining  communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s finality, demonstrating low latency while maintaining strong consistency and resilience. The protocol introduces a novel punishment matrix incorporating both stake slashing and probabilistic blacklisting, proving a Nash equilibrium for honest participation under rational actor assumptions.},
DOI = {10.32604/cmc.2025.068273}
}