TY  - EJOU
AU  - Al-Humaimeedy, Abeer S. 

TI  - 3RVAV: A Three-Round Voting and Proof-of-Stake Consensus Protocol with Provable Byzantine Fault Tolerance
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2025
VL  - 85
IS  - 3
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving -threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides  resistance to Sybil attacks with  participants and stake , while maintaining  communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s finality, demonstrating low latency while maintaining strong consistency and resilience. The protocol introduces a novel punishment matrix incorporating both stake slashing and probabilistic blacklisting, proving a Nash equilibrium for honest participation under rational actor assumptions.
KW  - Byzantine fault tolerant; proof-of-stake; verifiable random function; Sybil attack resistance; Nash equilibrium; committee voting

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2025.068273