@Article{cmc.2025.069331,
AUTHOR = {Jinglu Chen, Mengpan Chen, Wenhao Zhang, Huihui Ren, Daniel Dajun Zeng},
TITLE = {Learning Time Embedding for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion},
JOURNAL = {Computers, Materials \& Continua},
VOLUME = {86},
YEAR = {2026},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {1--25},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/cmc/v86n2/64730},
ISSN = {1546-2226},
ABSTRACT = {Temporal knowledge graph completion (TKGC), which merges temporal information into traditional static knowledge graph completion (SKGC), has garnered increasing attention recently. Among numerous emerging approaches, translation-based embedding models constitute a prominent approach in TKGC research. However, existing translation-based methods typically incorporate timestamps into entities or relations, rather than utilizing them independently. This practice fails to fully exploit the rich semantics inherent in temporal information, thereby weakening the expressive capability of models. To address this limitation, we propose embedding timestamps, like entities and relations, in one or more dedicated semantic spaces. After projecting all embeddings into a shared space, we use the relation-timestamp pair instead of the conventional relation embedding as the translation vector between head and tail entities. Our method elevates timestamps to the same representational significance as entities and relations. Based on this strategy, we introduce two novel translation-based embedding models: TE-TransR and TE-TransT. With the independent representation of timestamps, our method not only enhances capabilities in link prediction but also facilitates a relatively underexplored task, namely time prediction. To further bolster the precision and reliability of time prediction, we introduce a granular, time unit-based timestamp setting and a relation-specific evaluation protocol. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our models achieve strong performance on link prediction benchmarks, with TE-TransR outperforming existing baselines in the time prediction task.},
DOI = {10.32604/cmc.2025.069331}
}