TY  - EJOU
AU  - Yu, nhao 
AU  - Zhang, Boda 
AU  - Dizha, Meiling 
AU  - Wen, Ruibin 
AU  - Luo, Fuhua 
AU  - Guo, Xiang 
AU  - Zhang, Zhenyong 

TI  - Mitigating the Dynamic Load Altering Attack on Load Frequency Control with Network Parameter Regulation
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2026
VL  - 86
IS  - 2
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - Load frequency control (LFC) is a critical function to balance the power consumption and generation. The grid frequency is a crucial indicator for maintaining balance. However, the widely used information and communication infrastructure for LFC increases the risk of being attacked by malicious actors. The dynamic load altering attack (DLAA) is a typical attack that can destabilize the power system, causing the grid frequency to deviate from its nominal value. Therefore, in this paper, we mathematically analyze the impact of DLAA on the stability of the grid frequency and propose the network parameter regulation (NPR) to mitigate the impact. To begin with, the dynamic LFC model is constructed by highlighting the importance of the network parameter. Then, we model the DLAA and analyze its impact on LFC using the theory of second-order dynamic systems. Finally, we model the NPR and prove its effect in mitigating the DLAA. Besides, we construct a least-effort NPR considering its infrastructure cost and aim to reduce the operation cost. Finally, we carry out extensive simulations to demonstrate the impact of the DLAA and evaluate the mitigation performance of NPR. The proposed cost-benefit NPR approach can not only mitigate the impact of DLAA with 100% and also save 41.18 $/MWh in terms of the operation cost.
KW  - Smart grid cybersecurity; dynamic load altering attack; load frequency control; network parameter modification

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2025.070577