TY  - EJOU
AU  - Wu, Tong 
AU  - Zhou, Dawei 
AU  - Ou, Qingyu 
AU  - Luo, Fang 

TI  - Intrusion Detection Systems in Industrial Control Systems: Landscape, Challenges and Opportunities
T2  - Computers, Materials \& Continua

PY  - 2026
VL  - 86
IS  - 3
SN  - 1546-2226

AB  - The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems (ICSs) with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency, but also made these systems more vulnerable to cyberattacks. This heightened exposure has driven a growing need for robust ICS security measures. Among the key defences, intrusion detection technology is critical in identifying threats to ICS networks. This paper provides an overview of the distinctive characteristics of ICS network security, highlighting standard attack methods. It then examines various intrusion detection methods, including those based on misuse detection, anomaly detection, machine learning, and specialised requirements. This paper concludes by exploring future directions for developing intrusion detection systems to advance research and ensure the continued security and reliability of ICS operations.
KW  - Industrial control system; industrial control system network security; intrusion detection; cyberspace security; ICS network; network security

DO  - 10.32604/cmc.2025.073482