[BACK]
Computer Systems Science & Engineering
DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.022899		 images
Article

PAPR Reduction Using Advanced Partial Transmission Scheme for 5G Waveforms

Arun Kumar1, Sumit Chakravarty2, S. Suganya3, Mehedi Masud4,* and Sultan Aljahdali4

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur, 303905, INDIA
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
3Electronics and Communication Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, INDIA
4Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, 11099, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author: Mehedi Masaud. Email: mmasud@tu.edu.sa
Received: 21 August 2021; Accepted: 22 September 2021

Abstract: The implementation of Peak Average to Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction technologies will play an important role in the regularization of Fifth Generation (5G) radio communication. PAPR reduction in the advanced waveform will be the key part of designing a 5G network for different applications. This work introduces the simulation of an Advanced Partial Transmission Sequence (A-PTS) reduction techniques for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) transmission schemes. In the projected A-PTS, the FBMC signals are mapped into the number of sub-blocks and Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is performed to estimate the high peak power in the time domain. The FBMC sub-blocks are multiplied with the phase elements to achieve an optimal PAPR value. A MATLAB 2014v simulation is used to estimate the PAPR, Bit Error Rate (BER), Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), and Modulation Error Rate (MER) performance of the proposed reduction schemes. The simulated result reveals that the performance of the projected algorithm is better than the conventional algorithms.

Keywords: PAPR; PTS; OFDM; FBMC; 5G

1  Introduction

Due to the increase in requirement of high data speed, low latency, efficient spectral accessing, and connectivity with a large number of machines, it has become essential to investigate an advanced multi-carrier technique [1]. It is predicted that the data consumption will increase to 30% by 2021, which cannot be handled by the current used waveform method known as OFDM. The schematic of OFDM is given in Fig. 1. OFDM is currently utilized in Fourth Generation (4G) radio and it has several applications [2]. In OFDM, a cyclic prefix (CP) is introduced to overcome the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), which was regarded as a serious problem in the Third Generation (3G) radio system. However, the addition of CP results in the 11% wastage of bandwidth. PAPR, spectrum leakage due to the large side lobes, bad performance in Cognitive Radio (Cr) scenario, and sensitivity to frequency and time scattering are few concerns of the OFDM structure [3]. Several studies [4–6] suggested that OFDM is not a suitable candidate for the forthcoming 5G radio system. Hence, it is necessary to look out for an alternate of OFDM waveform.

images

Figure 1: Block diagram of OFDM

The structure of FBMC is shown in Fig. 2. FBMC is regarded as an appropriate competitor for the 5G framework. FBMC is implemented by utilizing a cluster of filters at the transmitter and the receiver part of the structure followed by Fourier transforms. The use of filters boosts the throughput of the structure as well as also mitigates the concerns related to ISI. Hence, in FBMC, ISI can be overcome without inserting the CP. It is also seen that the FBMC has spectrum accessing performance than the OFDM structure [7]. Many studies confirmed that the FBMC is better suited for the CR than the OFDM as its efficiency is high in the fading environment. Thus, makes it suitable for several applications such as Digital Subscribers Lines (DSL), PLC, and similar function [8,9]. However, the enactment of FBMC degrades with the combination of Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) system and the complexity is high due to increase in filter size [10,11]. PAPR is a key imperative delinquent in OFDM and FBMC structure. Several PAPR methods have been investigated for OFDM [12]. However, the PAPR algorithms designed for OFDM cannot be applied to FBMC due to their disparate structure arrangement [13].

images

Figure 2: Schematic of FBMC

PAPR occurs when the amplitude of the sub-carriers is increased due to the constructive interference. In [14], PAPR reduction is applied to the NOMA system by using a bacteria foraging algorithm and it increased the complexity due to the number of phase searches for an optimal PAPR. However, in the proposed work, the phase search is not increasing the complexity. In recent years, there are numerous PAPR algorithms like A-and Mu law [15], clipping [16], Selective Mapping (SLM) [17], PTS [18], hybrid [19] which have been investigated on the FBMC structure. In [20], the SLM-Circulation Transform (SLM-CT) algorithm was introduced to mitigate the peak power of the FBMC arrangement. It is observed that the SLM lowers down the high amplitude power of FBMC and CT reduces the complexity of the structure. A-Law and Mu-Law have also been applied to decrease the PAPR of the FBMC waveform. It was shown that Mu-law accomplished a gain of 2 dB better than the A-law [21]. The authors introduced a clipping method to minimize the maximum peak power of the FBMC. The outcome of the study revealed that the suggested clipping algorithm efficiently lowered the PAPR of the FBMC structure as compared with PAPR of the OFDM [22]. In [19], a hybrid algorithm is designed to mitigate the amplitude power of the FBMC system. It was shown that its efficiency and throughput performance of the FBMC is superior to OFDM based k-hybrid algorithm. Recently, PAPR algorithms such as Tone Reservation (TR) and hybrid PAPR algorithms were applied on FBMC and OFDM waveform. It is seen that the proposed algorithms generated a gain of 3 dB for FBMC in comparison to OFDM [23]. In [24], the authors investigate the effect of PAPR on multi-carrier waveforms. Several power reductions based PAPR algorithms were tested on multicarrier waveforms. It is seen that the algorithm gave superior performance on FBMC and NOMA as compared with OFDM. The authors also compared the performance of FBMC and Universal Filter Multi Carrier (UFMC) framework. It is seen that UFMC gives a better performance than FBMC or OFDM but has more complexity which is a major issue for the applicability of UFMC [25].

The contributions of the article are as follows:

•   We propose a novel modified A-PTS PAPR minimization algorithm for beyond 5G candidate waveforms.

•   The throughput of the proposed system is vastly improved as compared with the existing method, without significant increase of complexity.

•   It is seen that the spectrum leakage of the FBMC is significantly reduced on applying the A-PTS algorithm.

2  System Model

2.1 OFDM

The key concept of OFDM is to split the single carrier into the number of orthogonal sub-carriers. The OFDM symbol is given as [26]:

y(t)=∑m=−∞∞⁡ym(t−mT) (1)

T is the total period. The OFDM signal with m sub-carriers is given as:

ym(t)=∑l=0L−1⁡am,Lδ(t)∗P(t)exp⁡(i2πlΔft) (2)

ym(t)=∑l=0L−1⁡am,L∗P(t)exp⁡(i2πlΔft) (3)

where L is the OFDM symbol index, P(t) is the response of the filter, am,L represents the composite OFDM symbols and Δf is the sub-carrier spacing. The OFDM signal can be derived from Eqs. (1) and (2) as:

y(t)=∑l=0L−1⁡am,lP(t−mT)exp⁡(i2πlΔf(t−mT)) (4)

The PAPR of the OFDM signal is given as:

PAPR=10log10⌈|y(t)|⌉2E⌈|y(t)|⌉2 (5)

where E is the Expectation operator.

2.2 FBMC

The key aspect of FBMC is to split the transmission channel into several sub-channels. The sub-channels in the FBMC structure are orthogonal. The orthogonality between the sub-channels helps to exploit the entire spectrum of the system. The FBMC signals can be denoted as [27]:

ym(t)=∑l=0L−1⁡am,lδ(t−mT)∗P(t)exp⁡(i2πlΔf(t−mT)) (6)

ym(t)=∑m=∞m=−∞⁡∑l=0L−1⁡am,lδ(t−mT)∗P(t)exp⁡(i2πlΔf(t−mT)) (7)

From Eq. (8), it is observed that the filter is applied to the individual sub-carriers.

The PAPR of the FBMC signals is given by:

PAPR=Maxt∈T|ym(t)|21T∫0T⁡|(ym(t))|2 (8)

The PAPR in dB is given by:

PAPRdB=10log10Maxt∈T|ym(t)|21T∫0T⁡|(ym(t))|2 (9)

The CCDF of the FBMC signal is estimated as:

CCDF=(1−exp(−ym(t)) (10)

2.3 A-PTS (Advanced Partial Transmission Sequence)

PTS is one of the most efficient methods used for minimizing the peak power of the signal and is schematically shown in Fig. 3. The modulated FBMC signals are separated into the number of sub-blocks and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is carried out to estimate the PAPR of the signals. The optimal phase elements vectors are searched for each FBMC sub-blocks. Following the algorithm, the FBMC sub-blocks are multiplied by the phase vectors, which thereby optimizes the PAPR [28].

images

Figure 3: Advanced PTS

Let us consider a FBMC sub-blocks given as:

S=∑uU⁡Su (11)

The FBMC sub-blocks (Su ) are multiplied to the phase angle ( au) to minimize the peak power. The phase angle is given as:

a=a1+a2,…,as (12)

a=au=exp⁡(i2πU/i2πUW)W) (13)

where W is the angle vectors restricted to the set {±1,±i} :

The IFFT is carried out to estimate the amplitude peak power given as:

x=au{∑uU⁡IFFT(Su)}=∑uU⁡ausu (14)

The PAPR is estimated as:

{a1+a2,…,as}=min1≤w≤W|∑uU⁡ausu| (15)

3  Simulation Results

The work is implemented by using a Matlab-2013 software. The simulation parameters used are given in Tab. 1.

images

The proposed A-PTS is applied to FBMC by varying the number of sub-blocks (U) and phase element vector (W), as shown in Fig. 4. At the CCDF of 10−5, the peak power is lower to 7.9 dB (PTS U = 8 W = 2), 8.3 dB (PTS U = 8 W = 4), 8.6 dB (PTS U = 8 W = 8), and 9.1 dB (PTS) as compared to the original PAPR of FBMC (12 dB).

images

Figure 4: PAPR analysis for U and W = 2

The PAPR curves are analyzed for the proposed method (W = 4 and U = 2, 4, and 8). At the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of 10−5, peak power is minimized to 6.6 dB, 6.9 dB, 7.6 dB, and 9 dB. It is observed that the PTS (W = 4, U = 8) generated a gain of 0.3, 1, 2.4, and 5.4 dB as compared with the other comparable methods, as shown in Fig. 5.

images

Figure 5: PAPR analysis for U and W = 4

In Fig. 6, the peak power is estimated for W = 8 and U = 2, 4, and 8. It is observed that by increasing the number of U and W, the ideal PAPR can be accomplished. At the CCDF of 10−5, the PTS (U = 8 W = 8) achieved the best performance by decreasing the peak power to 4.1 dB as compared with other comparable algorithms.

images

Figure 6: PAPR analysis for U and W = 8

The throughput of the system is analyzed by estimating the BER of the projected algorithms on FBMC structure shown in Fig. 7. It is observed that for a large number of sub-blocks and phase vectors, efficient performance is accomplished. The BER of 10−5 is obtained at the SNR of 4.4, 5.1, 6.4, 7.1, and 8.8 dB as compared to the PAPR of FBMC structure (12 dB).

images

Figure 7: BER analysis for U and W

In Fig. 8, we have estimated the PAPR performance. The proposed PTS algorithm is implemented at the transmitter f FBMC and OFDM structure. It is seen that the projected PTS-FBMC (U = 8, W = 8) obtained a gain of 3.2 and 7.8 dB as compared with PTS-OFDM (PTS U = 8 W = 2), PTS-FBMC, and PTS-OFDM techniques.

images

Figure 8: PAPR of OFDM and FBMC

3.1 Complexity

In this work, we have considered athematic operations such as additions and multiplications and IFFT as the complexity of the PAPR algorithm. The complexity of the proposed algorithm and Conventional PTS [29] is given as:

ConventionalPTSadd=(0.5∗M∗N(log2(N)) (16)

ConventionalPTSmul=M∗N(log2(N) (17)

A−PTSadd=Wu−1N(U−1) (18)

A−PTSmul=Wu−1N(U+1) (19)

3.2 EVM and MER

The constellation diagram of the proposed PAPR reduction techniques is indicated in Fig. 9. It shows all the possible symbols used by the system to transmit the data. Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and Modulation Error Rate (MER) are figures of merit of transmission accuracy. They compute the performance and efficiency of transmission. It takes into accounts the phase and peak distortions as well as interference and provides an inclusive figure of merit for calculating the effectiveness of a system. The EVM and MER of the proposed PAPR reduction schemes is 0.83 dB and MER = 0.705 dB

images

Figure 9: EVM and MER

4  Conclusion

The collaboration within the 5G network and these by reduction of the PAPR is essential condition for the deployment of the 5G in cellular communication. The main objective of the proposed work is to design a PAPR technique for advanced waveform techniques and to optimize the 5G output. A new modified PTS-FBMC is implemented and proposed for the upcoming 5G radio framework. The proposed algorithm is analyzed and estimated for FBMC and OFDM structure in MATLAB 2014. The advanced PTS is obtained by changing the number of sub-blocks (U) and Phase vectors (W) to decrease the PAPR. According to the assessments and investigation, the proposed PTS-FBMC transmission scheme out-performs the typical PTS-OFDM structure. The design complexity of the novel transmission methods is moderate, and can be even further reduced by using the fewer number of FFTs and limiting the count of sub-carriers. The significant advantage of the suggested scheme over the OFDM is an enhancement of PAPR and BER performance due to the modified PTS at the transmitting. It is concluded therefore that FBMC is an ideal contender for the 5G network, particularly when aided by the proposed PAPR reduction scheme.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank for the support from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/73), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Funding Statement: This work was supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Projects (TURSP). Under number (TURSP-2020/73), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

References

  1. S. Mattisson, “An overview of 5G requirements and future wireless networks: Accommodating scaling technology,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 54–60, 2018.
  2. M. Mounir, M. B. EI. Mashade, S. Berra, G. S. Gaba, M. Masud et al., “A novel hybrid precoding-companding technique for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in 5G and beyond,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1–21, 2021.
  3. A. K. Bairagi, Md S. Munir, M. Alsenwi, N. H. Tran, S. S. Alshamrani et al., “Coexistence mechanism between eMBB and uRLLC in 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1736–1749, 2021.
  4. R. W. Bauml, R. F. Fischer and J. B. Huber, “Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping,” Electronics Letters, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 2056–2057, 1996.
  5. J. G. Andrews, S. Buzzi, W. Cho, V. S. Hanly, A. Lozano et al., “What will 5G be,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, 2014.
  6. X. Zhang, L. Chen, J. Qiu and J. Abdoli, “On the waveform for 5G,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 74–80, 201
  7. J. Kim, Y. Park, S. Weon, J. Jeong, S. Choi et al., “A new filter-bank multicarrier system: The linearly processed FBMC system,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 4888–4898, 2018.
  8. A. Hammoodi, L. Audah and M. A. Taher, “Green coexistence for 5G waveform candidates: A review,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 10103–10126, 2019.
  9. D. Mattera, M. Tanda and M. Bellanger, “Analysis of an FBMC/OQAM scheme for asynchronous access in wireless communications,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2015, no. 1, pp. 64, 2015.
  10. R. Arjun, I. Bhadauria, H. Shah, V. Sangwan and V. M. Gadre, “Filter bank multicarrier-QAM for MIMO systems,” in 2017 Twenty-third National Conf. on Communications (NCC), Chennai, pp. 1–6, 2017.
  11. A. Farhan, N. Marchetti, L. E. Doyle and B. F. Boroujeny, “Filter bank multicarrier for massive MIMO,” in 2014 IEEE 80th Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC2014-Fall), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp. 1–7, 2014.
  12. F. B. Ogunkoya, W. O. Popoola, A. Shahrabi and S. Sinanović, “Performance evaluation of pilot-assisted PAPR reduction technique in optical OFDM systems,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1088–1091, 2015.
  13. H. Rathore and A. Kumar, “Reduction of peak average power ratio for FBMC waveform with P-PTS technique,” Int. Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 47–54, 2020.
  14. A. Kumar, M. Gupta, D. Le and A. A. Aly, “PTS-PAPR reduction technique for 5G advanced waveforms using BFO algorithm,” Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 713–722, 2021.
  15. A. Hasan, M. Zeeshan, M. A. Mumtaz and M. W. Khan, “PAPR reduction of FBMC-OQAM using A-law and Mu-law companding,” in 2018 ELEKTRO, Mikulov, Czech Republic, pp. 1–4, 2018.
  16. J. Moon, Y. Nam and J. Kim, “PAPR reduction in the FBMC-OQAM system via segment-based optimization,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 4994–5002, 2018.
  17. A. Kumar and H. Rathore, “Modified DSLM technique for PAPR reduction in FBMC system,” Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 416–421, 2019.
  18. Z. He, L. Zhou, Y. Chen and X. Ling, “Low-complexity PTS scheme for PAPR reduction in FBMC-OQAM systems,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 2322–2325, 20
  19. A. Kumar, “PAPR reduction of FBMC using hybrid and k-hybrid techniques,” Radioelectronics Communication System, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 501–509, 20
  20. A. Kumar and M. Gupta, “A comprehensive study of PAPR reduction techniques: Design of DSLM-CT joint reduction technique for advanced waveform,” Soft Computing, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 11893–11907, 20
  21. I. A. Shaheena, A. Zekrya, F. Newagya and R. Ibrahimb, “Performance evaluation of PAPR reduction in FBMC system using nonlinear companding transform,” ICT Express, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 41–46, 2019.
  22. Z. Kollar and P. Horvath, “PAPR reduction of FBMC by clipping and its iterative compensation,” Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, vol. 2012, no. 4, pp. 1–11, 2012.
  23. M. Laabidi, R. Zayani, D. Roviras and R. Bouallegue, “PAPR reduction in FBMC/OQAM systems using active constellation extension and tone reservation approaches,” in 2015 IEEE Sym. on Computers and Communication (ISCC), Larnaca, Cyprus, pp. 657–662, 2015.
  24. A. Kumar, “A novel hybrid PAPR reduction technique for NOMA and FBMC system and its impact in power amplifiers,” IETE Journal of Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2019.
  25. S. Sidiq, F. Mustafa, J. A. Sheikh and B. A. Malik, “FBMC and UFMC: The modulation techniques for 5G,” in 2019 Int. Conf. on Power Electronics, Control and Automation (ICPECA), New Delhi, India, pp. 1–5, 2019.
  26. D. W. Lim, S. J. Heo, J. S. No and H. Chung, “A new PTS OFDM scheme with low complexity for PAPR reduction,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 77–82, 2006.
  27. F. Sandoval, G. Poitau and F. Gagnon, “Hybrid peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques: Review and performance comparison,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 27145–27161, 2017.
  28. A. Kumar, S. Ambigapathy, M. Masud, E. S. Jaha, S. Chakravarty et al., “An efficient hybrid PAPR reduction for 5G NOMA-FBMC waveforms,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 2967–2981, 2021.
  29. A. Kumar, M. A. Albreem, M. H. Alsharif, A. Jahid, P. Uthansakul et al., “An efficient genetic hybrid PAPR technique for 5G waveforms,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 3283–3292, 2021.
images This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.