TY  - EJOU
AU  - Siddiqi, Muhammad Hameed 
AU  - Khan, Asfandyar 
AU  - Khan, Muhammad Bilal 
AU  - Khan, Abdullah 
AU  - Alruwaili, Madallah 
AU  - Alanazi, Saad 

TI  - Performance Analysis of Intelligent Neural-Based Deep Learning System on Rank Images Classification
T2  - Computer Systems Science and Engineering

PY  - 2023
VL  - 47
IS  - 2
SN  - 

AB  - The use of the internet is increasing all over the world on a daily basis in the last two decades. The increase in the internet causes many sexual crimes, such as sexual misuse, domestic violence, and child pornography. Various research has been done for pornographic image detection and classification. Most of the used models used machine learning techniques and deep learning models which show less accuracy, while the deep learning model ware used for classification and detection performed better as compared to machine learning. Therefore, this research evaluates the performance analysis of intelligent neural-based deep learning models which are based on Convolution neural network (CNN), Visual geometry group (VGG-16), VGG-14, and Residual Network (ResNet-50) with the expanded dataset, trained using transfer learning approaches applied in the fully connected layer for datasets to classify rank (Pornographic <i>vs.</i> Nonpornographic) classification in images. The simulation result shows that VGG-16 performed better than the used model in this study without augmented data. The VGG-16 model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.97, 0.94 with a loss of 0.070, 0.16. The precision, recall, and f-measure values for explicit and non-explicit images are (0.94, 0.94, 0.94) and (0.94, 0.94, 0.94). Similarly, The VGG-14 model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.98, 0.96 with a loss of 0.059, 0.11. The f-measure, recall, and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are (0.98, 0.98, 0.98) and (0.98, 0.98, 0.98). The CNN model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.776 & 0.78 with losses of 0.48 & 0.46. The f-measure, recall, and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are (0.80, 0.80, 0.80) and (0.78, 0.79, 0.78). The ResNet-50 model with expanded data reached with training accuracy of 0.89 with a loss of 0.389 and 0.86 of validation accuracy and a loss of 0.47. The f-measure, recall, and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are (0.86, 0.97, 0.91) and (0.86, 0.93, 0.89). Where else without augmented data the VGG-16 model reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.997, 0.986 with a loss of 0.008, 0.056. The f-measure, recall, and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are (0.94, 0.99, 0.97) and (0.99, 0.93, 0.96) which outperforms the used models with the augmented dataset in this study.
KW  - VGG-16; VGG-14; pornography detection; expansion; ResNet-50; convolution neural network (CNN); machine learning

DO  - 10.32604/csse.2023.040212