@Article{ee.2026.078049,
AUTHOR = {Feiyang Li, Jianfeng Pan, Yuejin Zhu, Zhongjia Li, Yi Zhang, Muhammad Nauman, Wenming Yang},
TITLE = {Effect of Inclined Wall on Quenching Distance, Thermochemical State and CO Emission Characteristics of Methane/Hydrogen/Air Premixed Jet Flame},
JOURNAL = {Energy Engineering},
VOLUME = {},
YEAR = {},
NUMBER = {},
PAGES = {{pages}},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/energy/online/detail/26890},
ISSN = {1546-0118},
ABSTRACT = {Flame-wall interaction (FWI) is a common phenomenon in enclosed combustion systems. Under the influence of the wall, flames may undergo quenching or exhibit reduced reaction intensity, leading to an increase in unburned fuel in the near-wall region. This study establishes a 3D numerical model using CFD software to simulate the combustion process of methane/hydrogen/air premixed jet flames under inclined wall conditions, with validation against experimental data. Simulations of the quenching process under inclined walls were performed, revealing the effects of variations in tilt angle (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-1"><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi></mml:math>) and hydrogen content (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-2"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>) on the flame quenching, thermochemical state, and CO emissions. With the increase in <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-3"><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi></mml:math>, the normal velocity increases, the flame moves away from the wall, and the quenching distance increases. As <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-4"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> increases, the burning velocity increases, the flame moves closer to the wall, and the quenching distance decreases. The thermochemical state was analyzed using carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and temperature distributions. When the temperature is below 1000 K, convection and diffusion dominate the distribution of CO. As <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-5"><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi></mml:math> and <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-6"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> increase, both convection and diffusion intensify. During CO emission processes, the near-wall region contributes over 60% of the total CO emissions. As <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-7"><mml:mi>θ</mml:mi></mml:math> increases, CO emissions first decrease and then increase for <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-8"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> = 0% and 20%, whereas at <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-9"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> = 40%, CO emissions exhibit a gradual increase. As <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-10"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> increases, the competitive consumption of OH by reaction R40 (H<sub>2</sub> + OH = H<sub>2</sub>O + H) intensifies, which weakens CO oxidation and leads to elevated CO emissions.},
DOI = {10.32604/ee.2026.078049}
}