TY  - EJOU
AU  - Mbasso, Wulfran Fendzi 
AU  - Dagal, Idriss 
AU  - Singla, Manish Kumar 
AU  - Shaikh, Muhammad Suhail 
AU  - Smerat, Aseel 

TI  - Resilient Photovoltaics: Global Optimization and Advanced Control under Complex Operating Conditions: A Critical Review
T2  - Energy Engineering

PY  - 2026
VL  - 123
IS  - 3
SN  - 1546-0118

AB  - Utility-scale PV plants increasingly operate under partial shading, soiling, temperature swings, and rapid irradiance ramps that depress yield and challenge stability on weak grids. This critical review addresses those conditions by (i) unifying a stressor-to-method taxonomy that links field stressors to global intelligent MPPT (metaheuristics and learning-based trackers) and to advanced inverter controls (adaptive/MPC and grid-forming), (ii) standardizing metrics and reporting aligned with IEC 61724-1 and IEEE 1547/1547.1 to enable fair, reproducible comparisons, and (iii) framing MPPT and grid support as a co-design problem with a DT→HIL→Field validation pathway and seedable scenarios. We identify persistent gaps—fragmented partial-shading benchmarks, limited low-SCR testing, and scarce field-grade validation—and compile a quantitative synthesis: global soiling typically reduces annual production by ≈3%–5%, and hybrid/learning MPPT frequently report ≈99% tracking efficiency under PSC in simulation/HIL studies. To demonstrate practical relevance, we validate the framework on a seeded scenario library: DRL trackers achieve median η<sub>MPPT</sub> ≈ 0.996 with t<sub>95</sub> ≈ 0.19 s and Hybrid trackers ≈0.992/0.26 s, outperforming Metaheuristics (≈0.984/0.42 s); at SCR = 2.5, grid-forming control raises VRI from ~0.78 (tuned GFL) to ~0.95 while keeping THD within 2.5%–3.2%, with all stacks meeting IEEE-1547.1 Category-II ride-through. The resulting taxonomy, standards-aligned reporting, and open seeds provide a replicable basis for comparable, grid-relevant benchmarking and clear guidance for real-world design and operations.
KW  - Photovoltaic (PV) systems; intelligent optimization; maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under partial shading; grid-forming control; weak-grid resilience

DO  - 10.32604/ee.2026.072899