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Open Access

ARTICLE

Laminar Forced Convection over a Non-Isothermal Wedge in a Hybrid Nanofluid with Internal Heat Generation, Thermal Radiation, and Surface Transpiration Effects

Ken-Ming Tu*
Department of Aircraft Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
* Corresponding Author: Ken-Ming Tu. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Fluidized Bed Technology for Thermo-Conversion and Functional Material Synthesis)

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2026.082597

Received 22 March 2026; Accepted 18 May 2026; Published online 04 June 2026

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of laminar forced convective boundary layer flow over a non-isothermal wedge immersed in an Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, with relevance to thermal management in high-temperature aerospace systems, microelectronic cooling devices, and nuclear safety components. The research evaluates the combined effects of exponential space-dependent heat generation (ESDHG), thermal radiation, and uniform surface transpiration (suction/blowing) on the hydrothermal performance of the system. The governing non-similar differential equations, incorporating the Rosseland diffusion approximation, are solved using the high-accuracy Keller-box method. The numerical results indicate that increasing the wedge angle parameter compresses the momentum boundary layer, consequently enhancing both the local skin-friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. A key finding is the emergence of a temperature overshoot phenomenon under strong internal heat generation, leading to local heat flux reversal from the fluid toward the solid boundary. This behavior identifies a critical limitation in thermal regulation, showing that excessive internal heating can degrade the cooling effectiveness of the hybrid nanofluid.

Keywords

Hybrid nanofluid; thermal management; temperature overshoot; forced convection; non-isothermal wedge; exponential heat generation

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