@Article{fdmp.2025.070082,
AUTHOR = {Yang Dou, Hao Qin, Yuzhi Zhang, Ning Wang, Haiqing Liu, Wanli Yang},
TITLE = {Numerical Investigation of Load Generation in U-Shaped Aqueducts under Lateral Excitation: Part II—Non-Resonant Sloshing},
JOURNAL = {Fluid Dynamics \& Materials Processing},
VOLUME = {21},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {3091--3122},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/fdmp/v21n12/65317},
ISSN = {1555-2578},
ABSTRACT = {In recent years, tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) have emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable potential for structural vibration mitigation. Yet, progress in this field remains constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads in liquid-filled containers. Aqueducts present a distinctive case, as the capacity of their contained water to function effectively as a TLD remains uncertain. To address this gap, the present study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads under non-resonant cases through a two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in ANSYS Fluent. The incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are solved, while the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method captures the evolution of the air–water interface. Turbulent flow behavior is modeled using the RNG <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-997">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
		<mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext>
		<mml:mi>ε</mml:mi>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> approach. The ensuing results reveal the dynamic characteristics of the horizontal force (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-996">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:msub>
			<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
			<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
		</mml:msub>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math>) and the fluctuating component of the vertical force (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-995">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:msub>
			<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
			<mml:mrow>
				<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
				<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
			</mml:mrow>
		</mml:msub>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math>). <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-994">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:msub>
			<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
			<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
		</mml:msub>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> is predominantly governed by the inertia of the deep-water region and its phase varies coherently with the aqueduct’s acceleration. With increasing excitation amplitude (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-993">
	<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
</mml:math>) and frequency (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-992">
	<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
</mml:math>), the contribution of deep-water inertia to <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-991">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:msub>
			<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
			<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
		</mml:msub>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> intensifies markedly, accounting for 82.6–92.1% of the total horizontal load at an excitation amplitude of 0.15 m and frequencies of 1.0–1.6 Hz. The extreme values of <mml:math id="mml-ieqn-990">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:msub>
			<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
			<mml:mrow>
				<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
				<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
			</mml:mrow>
		</mml:msub>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> arise primarily from asymmetric static pressures induced by free-surface fluctuations, which are further amplified when wall gaps appear at large amplitudes (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-989">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
		<mml:mo>≥</mml:mo>
		<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> cm) and high frequencies (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-988">
	<mml:mrow>
		<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
		<mml:mo>≥</mml:mo>
		<mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn>
	</mml:mrow>
</mml:math> Hz). Unlike resonant cases dominated by free-surface resonance, non-resonant sloshing loads are principally driven by deep-water inertia and motion-induced surface asymmetry.},
DOI = {10.32604/fdmp.2025.070082}
}