TY  - EJOU
AU  - Durmaz, Gürcan 
AU  - Gürlek, Gökhan 

TI  - Hot Wall Condensers in Domestic Refrigerators: A Review of Enhancements from Past to Present, Performance Parameters, and Future Perspectives
T2  - Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

PY  - 
VL  - 
IS  - 
SN  - 2151-8629

AB  - This study examines the evolution of condenser technologies in household refrigerators, focusing on the potential for improving energy efficiency with hot-wall condensers (HWCs). Factors influencing this development, including refrigerant changes, consumer expectations, global regulations, and environmental factors, are evaluated. Design features, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and comparisons with other condenser types are presented for HWCs. The review identifies key parameters affecting HWC performance: pipe diameter and pitch, outer surface material properties, adhesive tape properties, and contact resistances. The effects of environmental factors such as ambient temperatures and heat transfer coefficients are also considered. The results indicate that HWCs can increase energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption by up to 15%. Furthermore, the risk of water condensation on HWC refrigerator surfaces is low, even in high-humidity environments. However, designs should also consider heat leakage into the refrigerated compartments; research indicates this infiltration can lead to a 10%–30% reduction in cooling capacity. The article also provides information on potential parameters that have not been previously studied and will guide future research. Design and integration are critical for successful implementation. Future research should focus on improving HWC designs and developing optimization strategies for efficient and sustainable cooling solutions.
KW  - Hot wall condenser (HWC); condenser types; household refrigerators; energy efficiency; heat infiltration; heat rejection; heat gain

DO  - 10.32604/fhmt.2026.075332