TY  - EJOU
AU  - Trodi, Amira 
AU  - Ferroudj, Nawal 
AU  - Labed, Amel 
AU  - Bourzami, Riadh 
AU  - Köten, Hasan 
AU  - Benhamza, Mohamed El Hocine 

TI  - Synergistic Effects of Dual Source–Sink Pairs and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Cu-TiO<sub>2</sub>/Water Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Square Cavity
T2  - Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

PY  - 
VL  - 
IS  - 
SN  - 2151-8629

AB  - This study demonstrates that natural convection and heat transfer in a square cavity can be significantly enhanced using a water-based Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub> ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) with dual heat source–sink pairs. Using the finite volume method under a single-phase nanofluid model with the Boussinesq approximation, we investigate the effects of Rayleigh number (10<sup>3</sup> ≤ Ra ≤ 10<sup>6</sup>), nanoparticle volume fraction (φ ≤ 0.1), nanofluid composition, and source–sink configuration on flow structures, temperature distribution, and thermal performance. Validation against benchmark and literature data confirms the accuracy of our simulations. Results show that the optimal alternating source–sink arrangement with THNF increases the average Nusselt number by 41–45% over Cu/water nanofluid and 18–21% over Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid at φ = 0.1, especially at low Rayleigh numbers. These findings reveal a strong synergy between ternary hybrid nanofluids and source–sink positioning, highlighting the combined effects of nanoparticle interactions and flow patterns. The study provides practical guidance for designing efficient thermal management systems in electronics, energy, and industrial applications, emphasizing both performance enhancement and potential environmental benefits.
KW  - Ternary hybrid nanofluid; heat transfer enhancement; square cavity; source-sink; finite volume method

DO  - 10.32604/fhmt.2026.083935