TY  - EJOU
AU  - Memon, Ans Ahmed 
AU  - Kumar, Laveet 
AU  - Memon, Abdul Ghafoor 
AU  - Harijan, Khanji 
AU  - Sleiti, Ahmad K. 

TI  - Thermal Performance Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and ZnO Nanoparticles
T2  - Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

PY  - 2025
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
SN  - 2151-8629

AB  - Climate change, rising fuel prices, and fuel security are some challenges that have emerged and have grown worldwide. Therefore, to overcome these obstacles, highly efficient thermodynamic devices and heat recovery systems must be introduced. According to reports, much industrial waste heat is lost as flue gas from boilers, heating plants, etc. The primary objective of this study is to investigate and compare unary (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) thermodynamically, binary with three different combinations of nanoparticles namely (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + TiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub> + ZnO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + ZnO) and ternary (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + TiO<sub>2</sub> + ZnO) as a heat transfer fluid. Initially, three different types of binary nanofluids were prepared by dispersing two types of nanoparticles in individual trails, such as aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide in various combined concentrations (e.g., 2%, 4%, and 6%) into the water as the base fluid, using an ultrasonicator to ensure uniform suspension. The operating parameters such as nanoparticle concentration and flow rate are varied to evaluate the performance of various hybrid nanofluids under counterflow configuration. The findings of this research indicate that the binary nanofluid Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + ZnO exhibits the highest thermal performance factor (2.83), followed by the ternary nanofluid Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + TiO<sub>2</sub> + ZnO (0.828), with the lowest performance observed for the unary nanofluid Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.799). This research highlights the need for advancement into novel nanomaterial combinations, optimization of required fluid properties, stability enhancement, and thermal performance to strengthen the utilization of hybrid nanofluids in heat exchangers.
KW  - Hybrid nanofluid; shell and tube heat exchanger; heat transfer enhancement; thermal performance factor

DO  - 10.32604/fhmt.2025.064805