TY  - EJOU
AU  - Faizan, M. 
AU  - Zafar, Syed Sohaib 
AU  - Ali, Farhan 
AU  - Khan, Umair 
AU  - Zaib, Aurang 
AU  - Khashi’ie, Najiyah Safwa 

TI  - Radiative Features of Darcy Forchheimer Flow of Entropy-Optimized Cross Flow Conveying Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Past a Stretching Cylinder
T2  - Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

PY  - 2026
VL  - 24
IS  - 1
SN  - 2151-8629

AB  - The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the implications of Cross fluid in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium due to the tri-hybrid nanofluid past a porous cylinder. Thermal radiation, heat generation, thermal convection, solutal convective and chemical reaction have been encountered in this analysis. Entropy generation has been accounted for under the fluidic friction, heat rate analysis, and porosity analysis. Three different nanoparticles of multiwall carbon nanotube (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-1"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>MWCNT</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>), aluminum oxide (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-2"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>l</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>), and silver (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-3"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Ag</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>) are utilized to illustrate the tri-hybrid nanofluid flow with Ethlene Glycol (<mml:math id="mml-ieqn-4"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>EG</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>) as the base fluid. The governance model, consisting of linked inadequate differential conditions, is transformed into an ordinary configuration of nonlinear coupled differential conditions by acceptable adjustments. The obtained outcomes in combination with the bvp4c approach are then used to resolve the generated ODEs. For discussion purposes, the impacts of the physical limitations on temperature profile, velocity, and concentration have also been illustrated. Numerical results have been obtained for the diffusion rate, heat transfer rate, drag force, and other factors. While the Forchheimer parameter and the inclination angle reduce the fluid flow’s velocity, the Biot number of heat and mass transfer influences the fluid’s temperature. According to the findings, hybrid nanofluid is the most effective way to improve heat transmission and may also be utilized for cooling. Three different kinds of nanofluids were used in a comparative examination to clarify the study’s conclusions. Changes in viscosity and porousness caused the nanofluids’ velocity to drop by 13.12% and 15.8%, respectively; however, trihybrid nanofluids with improved convection showed a 13.12% rise.
KW  - Stretching cylinder; tri-hybrid nanofluid; thermal radiation; cross fluid; heat source/sink

DO  - 10.32604/fhmt.2026.075018