TY  - EJOU
AU  - Lu, Jiaqi 
AU  - Wang, Fang 

TI  - Family as the first school: How do parenting and family adjustment shape toddler socioemotional development?
T2  - Journal of Psychology in Africa

PY  - 2025
VL  - 35
IS  - 5
SN  - 1815-5626

AB  - This study explores parenting and family adjustment profile effects on toddler socioemotional competence by the underlying mechanisms of effortful control. Participants were Chinese parent caregivers (N = 448) of 448 toddlers aged 15–36 months. They completed measures of parenting and family adjustment, toddler socioemotional competence, and effortful control. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified three family profiles—Strict-Detached, Constrained-Collaborative, and Harmonious-Aligned. These three profiles of parenting and family adjustment directly affect toddler socioemotional competence through variations in emotional support, discipline strategies, and parent–child interactions. Effortful control mediates this relationship of parenting and family adjustment and toddler socioemotional competence, with toddlers from Strict-Detached families at higher risk for socioemotional problems associated with lower effortful control. The harmoniously aligned family profile is associated with healthier development via higher effortful control. The research adds to the developmental understanding of how parenting and family dynamics affect toddler development by identifying effortful control as a key pathway. Based on these findings, parent caregiver profiles should be part of intervention designs aimed to enhance toddlers’ effortful control for healthy development.
KW  - parenting and family adjustment; socioemotional development; effortful control; latent profile analysis

DO  - 10.32604/jpa.2025.066088