TY  - EJOU
AU  - Lin, Wanqing 
AU  - Nasir, Mohd Azrin Mohd 
AU  - Ismail, Suzila Binti 

TI  - External risk factors for smartphone addiction in adolescents: A systematic literature review
T2  - Journal of Psychology in Africa

PY  - 2026
VL  - 36
IS  - 1
SN  - 1815-5626

AB  - This systematic review synthesizes empirical research on external risk factors for adolescent smartphone addiction. Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English peer-reviewed empirical articles from 2008 onward; 28 met inclusion criteria (excluding non-adolescents, generic internet addiction, non-empirical work, or non-English). Thematic synthesis organized findings into three external risk domains—family, school, and peers—considering cultural/contextual mechanisms. Family dynamics (parental phubbing, harsh parenting, dysfunction), school stressors, and adverse peer relationships were identified as accumulating, direct and indirect contributors to smartphone addiction. These operate within a techno-ecological framework, where digital technologies amplify vulnerabilities and create new pathways for maladaptive use. Evidence favors an ecological, multi-level perspective. Future research should use longitudinal designs, standardize measures across cultures, and examine understudied regions—especially Africa—to guide culturally sensitive interventions.
KW  - Smartphone addiction; adolescent; family risk factor; school risk factor; peer risk factor

DO  - 10.32604/jpa.2026.073231