Journal of Renewable Materials

DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2022.017545

ARTICLE

Study on Air-Purifying Performance of Semi-Flexible Asphalt Samples Coated with Titanium Dioxide Using Different Methods

Shoujing Yan1, Yangyang Wang2,*, Fengxia Chi1, Xue Luo2, Tianjie Zhang3 and Chenchen Xi1

1Institute of Road Engineering, Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, Hangzhou, 310023, China
2Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
3Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, 83725-1145, USA
*Corresponding Author: Yangyang Wang. Email: profxnzhang@126.com
Received: 19 May 2021; Accepted: 12 July 2021

1  Introduction

The quantity of vehicle keeps increasing rapidly in large cities, which emitted hundreds of millions of tons of vehicle emissions each year. Automobile exhaust contains a large number of harmful substances, including CO, NOX, SO2 and other harmful gas components, which is one of the culprits of air pollution [1,2]. The high concentration of vehicle emissions is particularly terrible when vehicles start or change speed, which brings serious harm to the surrounding environment and the health of residents [3,4]. Thus, effective and efficient approaches to degrade the NOX as soon as they are emitted from vehicles are keenly desired.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has many advantages such as highly stable chemically, super-hydrophilicity and relatively low price. It makes TiO2 an ideal photocatalytic material in construction engineering [5–7]. Many reports have demonstrated the feasibility of this material to decrease NOX concentration since its photocatalytic oxidation property was first discovered by Fujishima and Honda in 1972 [8]. In the 1980s, organic pollution in wastewater was degraded by adding TiO2 and under high-intensity UV light [9,10]. The application of TiO2, especially the anatase phase titanium dioxide with high activity, as air-purifying materials originated in Japan [11,12]. Since then, a wide variety of products emerged on the market for indoor formaldehyde cleaning as well as for building facade applications. However, the dramatic increase in vehicle emissions in cities is seriously polluting air quality and is gradually attracting the attention of road engineering researchers [13–15].

In recent years, to improve the application scope of TiO2, attempts have been made to add it to pavement surfaces. It has been well demonstrated that coating TiO2 particles onto road surface is an effective and efficient approach to purify the atmosphere [16,17]. There are two common approaches to add it onto road surfaces. One method is to replace equal quality of mineral powder with TiO2 particles, which is considered as MT coating method [18]. The other common method is called WT coating method, which takes the TiO2 particles dissolving into water and spraying it onto road surface [19]. But some previous studies have pointed out that MT has lower degrading performance than WT since the photocatalytic process will be active when TiO2 direct contact with ultraviolet (UV) radiation and pollutants [20–22]. In contrast, TiO2 particles in the WT coating method are easy to take away due to lack of sufficient adhesion, when a vehicle is driving at high speed. Hence, the anti-wearing ability and sustainable degradation of WT are extremely poor compared with MT. In order to enhance the adhesion between TiO2 particles and road surface, the researchers in Hong Kong applied chemical means to fabricate numerous microspores on the surface of asphalt film, and TiO2 particles self-assemble into the micropores driven by the surface convection and capillary force [23,24]. The porous TiO2 coating is donated as porous TiO2 (PT) method, which is fabricated through Breath Figure (BF) process [25]. The reports have shown that PT method has higher purification efficiency and stronger anti-wearing ability on asphalt pavements [26–28]. But its preparation process is very complex causing difficulty to promote on a large scale in engineering. Thus, it has great significance to develop an innovative method, which not only has durable and efficient air-purifying performance, but also has excellent anti-wearing ability.

The main objective of this study is to develop an approach should be provided with high sustainable degrading ability and anti-wearing performance. To achieve this objective, rutting plate specimens were first prepared and coated using MT, WT and ST methods. Then, NO degradation efficiency, anti-wearing ability and residual texture depth of specimens were measured by vehicle emission test equipment, kneading machine and, laser scanner, respectively.

2  Experimental Preparations

2.1 Materials

Rutting plate specimens (length = 300 mm, width = 300 mm and height = 50 mm) were prepared. A porous asphalt mixture (void ratio is 24%) was designed. The SBS modified asphalt was used and the asphalt content was 4.3%. All rutting plates were compacted by asphalt mixture electro-hydraulic wheel crushed machines according to T 0703, JTG E20-2011. Table 1 shows the detailed information of custom-designed cement grouting material.

2.2 TiO2 Coating Process

Table 2 describes the process for preparing the TiO2 coating materials using MT, WT and ST methods. All coating materials were prepared at room temperate (25 ± 1°C) and humidity (50% ± 3%). As for MT, the mineral powder in asphalt mixture was replaced by TiO2 particles with equal quality. For WT, the equal quality TiO2 (mass ratio of TiO2 and water = 0.5:100) was dissolved into water directly and spayed it on surface of specimens. Specially, ST compared with WT for different spraying occasions since ST sprayed dry TiO2 particles before cement grouting material was initially setting, while WT sprayed TiO2 coating solution after that was finally setting. Each group has three samples and equal quality of TiO2. Blank group (BG) has no TiO2 prepared to control experimental reliability. As a result, expect for BG, each specimen has approximately 40.015 g of TiO2 particles.

It is worth to note that an innovative method ST is inspired by PT method. TiO2 particles through chemical adhesive which is generated during cement grouting material solidification. The procedure of ST method can be described as follows:

(A) Preparing rutting plates of porous asphalt mixture;

(B) Compounding custom-designed cement grouting material into rutting plates;

(C) Cleaning the cement grouting material on the surface of the asphalt mixture until the coarse aggregate exposed;

(D) The TiO2 particles are homogeneously spared onto rutting plate before cement grouting material initial setting by using electric duster;

(E) Before cement grouting material finally setting, cleaning the free TiO2 particles in the surface of the coarse aggregate. The TiO2 particles are embedded onto the cement grouting material in road surface texture.

The specific preparation steps of ST method are shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: ST coating process: (A) preparing rutting plates of porous asphalt mixture; (B) filling cement grouting material; (C) cleaning the cement mortar on the surface of the asphalt mixture; (D) sparing TiO2 particles before cement grouting material initial setting; (E) when the cement grouting material is finally setting, TiO2 particles embed onto pavement surface

TiO2 has a discontinuous band structure with a band gap between the valence band and the conduction band [29,30]. Once photon energy TiO2 absorbed is larger than its band gap, the e− on the valence band reaches the excited state and migrates to the conduction band [31,32]. Then, the valence band produces strong reducibility, while the conduction band lacks electrons to generate h+ with strong oxidizing property. Water and hydroxide ions (OH−) are adsorbed when they contact the surface of TiO2 particles, which can react with h+ to produce a more powerful oxidant [33,34]. In addition, oxygen (O2) in the air captures electrons to form O2−, which also is highly active oxidant. When vehicle passes the road coating TiO2, some harmful gases (NO, CO, etc.) in automobile exhaust combined with ·OH and O2−, which were oxidized to NO2, CO2 and H2O. Both NO and NO2 could be degraded to water and generated final product, nitric acid (HNO3), which could be easily flushed away by rainwater. The photocatalytic degradation process of titanium dioxide is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Photocatalytic process of TiO2 on road surface

3  Experiments and Methods

3.1 No Degradation Efficiency Test

The TiO2 coating on pavement surface is easily carried off by vehicle [35]. Hence, it is important to measure its residual photocatalytic degradation performance according to GB18285-2018. In this paper, the custom-designed vehicle emission testing equipment was used to assess NO degradation ability of different TiO2 coating methods. Fig. 3 shows the vehicle emission testing system, which is consists of vehicle emission collector, reacting chamber, UV lights and gas analyzer. The size of the reacting chamber is 500 mm × 500 mm × 400 mm, which was made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with excellent light transmission performance. Three ultraviolet lamps were parallel placed on the top of chamber and the distance of each lamp was adjusted until UV intensity achieved 30 W/m2 when contacting sample’s surface, which was very similar to that from sunlight in Zhejiang Province. The exhaust emission concentration was recorded by gas analyzer and the temperature and humidity inside reacting chamber were controlled at 25 ± 5°C. The residual degradation efficiency is calculated by Eq. (1)

RDE=CX,0−CX,1CX,0×100% (1)

where RDE is residual degradation efficiency; Cx, 0 and Cx, 1 are initial and stable concentration vehicle emission concentration after X hours of repeat abrasion, respectively.

Figure 3: Composition of vehicle emission testing system

3.2 Anti-Wearing Ability Test

The sustainability photocatalytic degrading performance of TiO2 coated on road surface mostly depends on tire abrasion [36,37]. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the anti-wearing ability formed between TiO2 particles and cement grouting materials. In this paper, the kneading machine was employed to simulate tire abrasion process, as shown in Fig. 4a. Fig. 4b presents the tire wearing routes on specimens. The most outstanding advantage of the kneading machine is that it can provide the friction in the forward direction and the lateral shear force, compared with traditional rutting test machine. Before applying abrasion, the air temperature in kneading machine was controlled at 60 ± 5°C. Then, the rutting plates coating TiO2 were fixed on kneading machine, when its temperature stable at 60 ± 1°C. The tire was positioned in contact with the specimen surface and wore it back and forth at a frequency of 30 times per minute. The anti-wearing ability was calculated by Eq. (2).

AWA=MXM0×100% (2)

where AWA is anti-wearing ability; Mx is the sample mass after x hours of abrasion; M0 is original sample mass. A higher of AWA present a better anti-wearing ability of TiO2 coating methods.

Figure 4: Wearing process: (a) kneading machine; (b) tire wearing routes

3.3 Residual Texture Depth Test

The texture depth of TiO2 coating samples decreased rapidly with increasing tire abrasion times. Thus, it is necessary to test the texture depth. The laser scanner can accurately measure the three-dimensional profile on the surface of the specimen [38]. In this study, high precision laser scanner, maximum scanning accuracy exceed 0.5 mm, was applied to evaluate the residual texture depth every 4 h, as shown in Fig. 5. The specimens were scanned by laser to obtain its texture depth from abrasion beginning to finish. Then the texture depth was calculated by Eq. (3)

RTD=TXT0×100% (3)

where RTD is residual texture depth; TX is the sample texture depth after x hours of abrasion; T0 is original texture depth of sample.

Figure 5: Laser scanner

4  Result and Discussion

4.1 No Degrading Efficiency Test Results

Fig. 6 shows the average NO degrading efficiency test results of all samples with various hours of tire abrasion. For BG specimens, the average NO depuration ability is almost zero, which illustrates that NO is not degraded without TiO2 particles. WT and ST samples had similar average RDE values (86.573% and 85.671%), which are much higher than that of MT specimens (1.941%). It is worth to notice that the degrading efficiency of WT is slightly higher than ST in the initial stage. However, the NO degrading efficiency of WT drops drastically since the average RDE value declines from 86.573% to 79.549%, which declines much faster than ST (85.671% to 85.403%) within 4 h. It can be clearly seen that there is an obvious decrease in RDE for WT and MT specimens, which are declined 22.223% and 10.46%, respectively, compared to its initial state. While, there are only 1.292% drops for ST specimens after 12 h of abrasion.

The above test results indicated that WT has higher degrading efficiency in the initial stage, while ST had better sustainable degrading ability than other coating methods. The unsatisfactory residual degradation efficiency of WT mainly attributed to poor adhesion between TiO2 particles and cement grouting materials, because TiO2 particles are easily taken away by tire abrasion. Conversely, the excellent sustainable degrading performance of ST primary comes from cement grouting materials provided strong adhesion.

Figure 6: No degrading efficiency test results

4.2 Anti-Wearing Ability Test Results

Fig. 7 represents the average anti-wearing ability results of specimens. It can be observed that the average mass of all samples decreased with varying abrasion time. The specimens in BG group and MT group have similar AWA values which are lower than that of WT specimens. The mass losing rate of ST group specimens decreased the slowest compared to other groups, indicating that ST coating method has the highest anti-wearing ability. However, samples in WT group have the same mass TiO2 particles compared to other coating methods, provided the biggest AWA values, suggesting the poorest anti-wearing ability.

Figure 7: Mass variation of specimens inside the kneading machine

The results in Fig. 8 also indicated that ST group specimens have better anti-wearing performance. The mass dropped rapidly and the mass losing rate, for all groups, reached its peak from 4 to 6 hours abrasion. In this stage, the mass losing rate of BG, MT, WT and ST are 0.142%, 0.133%, 0.118% and 0.101%, respectively. In addition, although WT performed better than BG and MT at the original stage, its performance deteriorates dramatically after 4 h abrasion. The anti-wearing ability of ST is 0.224% after 12 h abrasion, whereas that of BG, MT and WT are 0.339%, 0.321% and 0.376%, respectively. A phenomenon to be noted is that the ST group specimens have lower mass loss rate in the initial stage of abrasion test (2–4 h), but have the higher mass loss rate at the final stage (12 h). The reason for this phenomenon is that the cement grouting material firmly adheres to the TiO2 particles by strong chemical coagulation force, in initial stage of abrasion. With increasing of wearing times, the increased loss rate of TiO2 particles is due to the cement grouting material on the surface layer gradually worn out.

The enhanced anti-wearing ability of ST coating method is primarily attributed to the adhesive from cement grouting materials initial setting. When grouting materials finally setting, TiO2 particles firmly embedded onto semi-flexible pavement surface results in TiO2 particles are not easily be taken away by the tire. The specimens in WT group have the poorest ability of abrasion due to its poor adhesion between TiO2 and road surface.

Figure 8: Mass losing rate of samples

4.3 Residual Texture Depth Test Results

Figs. 9–12 describes the 3D point cloud images obtained the retention texture depth accurately of all specimens through laser scanner. The 3D point cloud is imaged by the relative height of object, the redder the image represents the higher the height, and the bluer the image represents the lower the height. It can be observed that the 3D point cloud images of all groups have similar profiles before tire abrasion, while show significant differences of each group after 12 h of abrasion.

For BG specimens, the red area of BG-0 image accounts for large area the whole image than blue area. After 4 h of abrasion, the blue area in the 3D point cloud image grew rapidly. The color of the blue area in the 3D point cloud image gradually changes from light blue to dark blue with 8 h of abrasion. BG-12 depicts the 3D point cloud image after 12 h of abrasion, and the blue area in this image is significantly larger than the red area. This phenomenon indicates that the texture depth will decline gradually with the increase of the abrasion time.

Figure 9: 3D point cloud images of BG group

Fig. 10 presents the changes of 3D point cloud images of MT group. It is obvious that the 3D profile and color trends of MT group is very similar to BG group. This is due to the fact that MT specimens replaced the mineral powder with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in equal volume during asphalt mixture forming process. Therefore, the changes in 3D profile of specimens are consistent between two groups during the abrasion process.

Figure 10: 3D point cloud images of MT group

For WT specimens, the trends of 3D point cloud images are extremely different compared with BG and MT groups. The texture depth declined dramatically during the first 8 h wearing process. After 12 h abrasion, blue area takes up almost the entire picture, and there are some dark blue areas on the middle of MT-12 image. The above phenomenon shows that the material on surface layer of WT specimens is extremely shed during abrasion process.

Figure 11: 3D point cloud images of WT group

Fig. 12 presents the trends of 3D point cloud image of the ST specimens. It can be clearly seen that the variations between every 3D point cloud image is minor. Comparing with ST-0, ST-4, ST-8 and ST-12, the images are basically red areas and not appear blue areas. It shows that the structure depth of the specimen hardly decreases during the wearing process.

Figure 12: 3D point cloud images of ST group

Fig. 13 summarizes the average retention texture depth of samples with various coating methods. Compared to the initial state, the RTD of WT group has the fastest decline and that of the ST group decreased the slowest. During the first 4 h of wearing, the RTD value of the specimens in the WT group decreased 0.045%, which was 0.023%, 0.019% and 0.037% higher than the BG, MT and ST groups during the same period, respectively. It is because is that after 4 h of abrasion, the amount and distribution of the TiO2 particles at MT and ST specimen surfaces became relatively stable. In addition, after 12 h abrasion, there were only minor drops in ST specimens, but significant drops in WT specimens. The average RTD values of BG, MT and ST were 0.961%, 0.962% and 0.979%, respectively, while only 0.941% for WT group. Future more, the rate of RTD decline was higher in BG and MT groups than ST group, and both showed a high similarity in decline trend. The reason for this phenomenon is that MT specimens replaced the mineral powder with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in equal quality during asphalt mixture forming process. Therefore, the trends of RTD curves and the corresponding 3D point cloud image changes of the specimens in BG and MT groups are consistent. It can also be noticed the ST specimens provided the highest RTD value at all stages. In other words, ST coating methods provided better abrasion resistance than MT and WT methods.

Figure 13: Average residual texture depth of specimens

5  Conclusions

In this paper, an innovative TiO2 coating method (ST) was proposed. The NO degradation efficiency, anti-wearing ability, and residual texture depth of three TiO2 coating methods (MT, WT and ST) were analyzed to obtain sustainable air-purifying ability and anti-wearing performance on semi-flexible pavement. Based on the above experimental results, the main conclusions are shown as follows:

(1) In terms of NO degrading efficiency, WT has better purifying ability than MT and ST in the initial stage, while ST provides higher sustainable degrading ability than that of the other two methods.

(2) The ST method provide the best anti-wearing ability, followed by the MT method and WT method.

(3) Considering the NO removal efficiency and durability, the ST method has the best degrading efficiency, good anti-wearing property and better sustainable purification performance, which is the most promising coating method to semi-flexible pavement.

It should point out that this paper only considered the effect of wheel abrasion on sustainable air-purifying performance and residual structure depth. However, temperature and humidity are also very important factors. Hence, it is necessary to develop the coating erosion experiments with the coupled conditions of temperature, load and humidity in further research. More durable degrading performance, stronger anti-wearing materials and simpler coating methods should be developed to satisfy the urgent needs of degrading the vehicle emissions.

Funding Statement: The authors would like to acknowledge the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (Grant Nos. 2018F10045 and 2021C01106) for the funding support and the technical guidance in 3D laser scanning by Dr. Fengxia Chi from the Institute of Road Engineering of Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport. The constant of this paper reflects the views of authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data shown herein. The authors gratefully acknowledge their financial and technical supporting.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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