@Article{jrm.2023.027579,
AUTHOR = {Sri Hidayati, Eugenia Fonny Budiyanto, Hadi Saputra, Sutopo Hadi, Apri Heri Iswanto, Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat, Petar Antov, Lee Seng Hua, Widya Fatriasari, Mohd. Sapuan Salit},
TITLE = {Characterization of Formacell Lignin Derived from Black Liquor as a Potential Green Additive for Advanced Biocomposites},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Renewable Materials},
VOLUME = {11},
YEAR = {2023},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {2865--2879},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/jrm/v11n6/52261},
ISSN = {2164-6341},
ABSTRACT = {Black liquor is obtained as a by-product of the pulping process, which is used to convert biomass into pulp by
removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from wood to free cellulose fibers. Lignin represents a major
constituent in black liquor, with quantities varying from 20% to 30%, of which a very low share is used for manufacturing value-added products, while the rest is mainly burned for energy purposes, thus underestimating its
great potential as a raw material. Therefore, it is essential to establish new isolation and extraction methods to
increase lignin valorization in the development of bio-based chemicals. The aim of this research work was to
determine the effect of KOH or ethanol concentration as an isolation agent on lignin yields and the chemical
characteristics of lignin isolated from formacell black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). Isolation
of lignin was carried out using KOH with various concentrations ranging from 5% to 15% (w/v). Ethanol was
also used to precipitate lignin from black liquor at concentrations varying from 5% to 30% (v/v). The results
obtained showed that the addition of KOH solution at 12.5% and 15% concentrations resulted in better lignin
yield and chemical properties of lignin, i.e., pH values of 3.86 and 4.27, lignin yield of 12.78% and 14.95%, methoxyl content of 11.33% and 10.13%, and lignin equivalent weights of 476.25 and 427.03, respectively. Due to its
phenolic structure and rich functional groups that are favorable for modifications, lignin has the potential to be
used as a green additive in the development of advanced biocomposite products in various applications to replace
current fossil fuel-based material, ranging from fillers, fire retardants, formaldehyde scavengers, carbon fibers,
aerogels, and wood adhesives.},
DOI = {10.32604/jrm.2023.027579}
}