TY  - EJOU
AU  - Hakim, Luthfi 
AU  - Lubis, Yunida Syafriani 
AU  - Iswanto, Apri Heri 
AU  - Manurung, Harisyah 
AU  - Jayusman, 
AU  - Fatriasari, Widya 
AU  - Antov, Petar 
AU  - Rogoziński, Tomasz 
AU  - Hua, Lee Seng 
AU  - Azelee, Nur Izyan Wan 

TI  - Synthesis and Application of Activated Charcoal from Indonesian Sugar Palm Bunches (<i>Arenga longipes</i>) as a Potential Absorbent for Heavy Metals
T2  - Journal of Renewable Materials

PY  - 2025
VL  - 13
IS  - 12
SN  - 2164-6341

AB  - Activated charcoals were synthesized from sugar palm bunches (SPB) of the native tree of <i>Arenga longipes</i> in Indonesia. The synthesized activated charcoal (AC) was characterized, and utilized as an absorbent for heavy metals (lead/Pb and copper/Cu) through thermal activation. The synthesis of AC was accomplished through furnace activation at temperatures of 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. Acid chlorides were blended with the SPB-AC samples at 5% impregnation level and subsequently subjected to washing for activation, resulting in the elimination of volatile substances and ash content, which facilitates the development of a porous structure in the activated charcoal. The proximate analysis results indicated a reduction in weight and moisture content with an increase in activation temperature. The C-O, C=C, O-H stretching chains were not visible in the SPB-AC, indicating that the chains were broken after activation. The treatments at 600°C and 700°C exhibited superior thermal stability relative to the others. Moreover, there was a notable reduction in the signal strength of low-crystallinity amorphous carbon, indicating that the high-temperature treatment substantially altered the structural characteristics of the crystal. The SPB-AC produced at 700°C exhibited a primarily microporous architecture, characterized by a maximal surface area, reduced total pore volume, and small particle size. In conclusion, elevating the activation temperature to 700°C leads to notable improvement in the adsorption of Pb (91.61%) and Cu (95.19%) metals.
KW  - Absorbent; activated charcoal; <i>Arenga longipes</i>; heavy metal; sugar palm bunch

DO  - 10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0078