@Article{jrm.2025.02024-0084,
AUTHOR = {Tri Susanti, Syahnur Haqiqoh, Pratiwi Pudjiastuti, Siti Wafiroh, Esti Hendradi, Oktavia Eka Puspita, Nashriq Jailani},
TITLE = {Characterization, <i>In Vitro</i> Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics in Hard Capsule Shells Made from Hydrolyzed <b>κ</b>-Carrageenan and Xanthan Gum},
JOURNAL = {Journal of Renewable Materials},
VOLUME = {13},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {1841--1857},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/jrm/v13n9/63771},
ISSN = {2164-6341},
ABSTRACT = {This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties, disintegration, and dissolution rates of cross-linked carrageenan (CRG) capsule shells by shortening the long chains of CRG through a hydrolysis reaction with citric acid (CA). The hydrolysis of CRG was carried out using varying concentrations of CA, resulting in hydrolyzed CRG (HCRG). This was followed by cross-linking with xanthan gum (XG) and the addition of sorbitol (SOR) as a plasticizer. The results indicated that the optimal swelling capacity of HCRG-XG/SOR hard-shell capsules occurred at a CA concentration of 0.5%, achieving a maximum swelling rate of 445.39% after 15 min. Additionally, the best capsule hardness was also measured at this CA concentration, reaching a hardness level of 480.157 g (F = 4.67 N). FTIR analysis demonstrated that the presence of the acid group from CA altered the composition of the CRG chains. Furthermore, SEM-EDX mapping analysis revealed that the surface morphology of the synthesized capsules exhibited a relatively smooth texture with a limited number and size of pores, resulting in good capsule stability for drug delivery. The <i>in vitro</i> disintegration and dissolution rates of the HCRG-XG/SOR capsules were observed to be the fastest and highest at pH 1.2, respectively. The disintegration time was recorded at 20 min and 46 s, while the dissolution test indicated a drug release of 78.08% after 5 min and 100% after 120 min. The drug delivery kinetics of HCRG-XG/SOR followed the Ritger-Peppas model, indicating a complex release mechanism that involved swelling, diffusion, erosion, and capsule disintegration.},
DOI = {10.32604/jrm.2025.02024-0084}
}