TY  - EJOU
AU  - Bevilaqua, Claudia M. L. 
AU  - Araújo-Filho, José Vilemar de 
AU  - Ximenes, Livia F. 
AU  - Pinheiro, Henety N. 
AU  - Abreu, Flávia O. M. da Silva 
AU  - Branco, Débora S. C. M. Castelo 
AU  - Melo, Ana Carolina F. L. 
AU  - André, Weibson P. P. 
AU  - Ribeiro, Wesley L. C. 
AU  - Oliveira, Lorena M. B. de 

TI  - Sodium Alginate Nanoemulsions for the Delivery of <i>Eucalyptus staigeriana</i> Essential Oil: Production, Characterization, and Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects against <i>Haemonchus contortus</i>
T2  - Journal of Renewable Materials

PY  - 2026
VL  - 14
IS  - 2
SN  - 2164-6341

AB  - <i>Eucalyptus staigeriana</i> essential oil (EsEO) has well-known anthelmintic activity in small ruminants. However, its volatility limits its therapeutic action. The aim of this study was to develop a water-in-oil sodium alginate-based nanoemulsion with an effective <i>in vitro</i> effect on the eggs and larvae of <i>Haemonchus contortus</i>, a gastrointestinal parasite of sheep and goats. Four oil-in-water sodium alginate-based emulsions were prepared using a high-energy method with different proportions of Tween 80, EsEO, and sodium alginate (ALG) 4%. The physical-chemical characterization included stability, particle size, zeta potential and infrared spectra. The effects of the emulsions were evaluated against <i>H. contortus</i> via the egg hatching test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT). The results showed that the emulsions were stable over 7 days, nanometer scale particles (218.8 to 371.5 nm) predominating and with negative zeta potentials (−28.9 to −46.9 mV). All four emulsions were more effective than EsEO in the EHT, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.088 to 0.15 mg/mL for the emulsions and 0.308 mg/mL for EsEO. However, in the LDT, the emulsions and essential oil had similar effects, with EC50 values of 3.91 to 4.60 mg/mL for the emulsions and 4.17 mg/mL for EsEO. Emulsion 2, with low Tween 80/EsEO and ALG/EsEO ratios, was considered better overall in terms of physical, chemical and anthelmintic assessment and is a promising candidate for further <i>in vivo</i> assays against adult <i>H. contortus</i>.
KW  - <i>Eucalyptus staigeriana</i>; emulsion; biopolymer; anthelmintic activity; <i>in vitro</i> assays

DO  - 10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0138