TY  - EJOU
AU  - Taer, Erman 
AU  - Yanti, Novi 
AU  - Asmarwati, 
AU  - Apriwandi, 
AU  - Ismardi, Abrar 
AU  - Fathona, Indra Wahyudhin 
AU  - Rosi, Memoria 
AU  - Armynah, Bidayatul 
AU  - Tahir, Dahlang 
AU  - Haryanti, Ninis Hadi 
AU  - Suryajaya, 
AU  - Isnasyauqiah, 
AU  - Usman, Ida 
AU  - Julnaidi, 
AU  - Taslim, Rika 

TI  - Synergistic Effect of Low-Concentration ZnCl<sub><b>2</b></sub>-Activated Bio-Carbon from Red Suren Leaves with Hierarchical Pore Structure and Self-Doping for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications
T2  - Journal of Renewable Materials

PY  - 2026
VL  - 14
IS  - 8
SN  - 2164-6341

AB  - The promotion of bio-carbon for developing superior electrodes has become a trending topic in realising the practical application of supercapacitor devices. This study aimed to prepare porous carbon (PC) with a taproot fiber-like nanostructure that was decorated with self-doped oxygen. The waste of red suren leaves (RSL) was further treated using a direct heating method with the catalyst effect of ZnCl<sub>2</sub> (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) in an N<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> environment at 850°C, being examined. The results showed that RSL@PC-0.5 exhibited the best amorphous carbon structure (FWHM = 0.105° and 0.182°). The specific surface area (SSA = 495.31 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and the combination of hierarchical nanostructure with abundant multi-level pores (micro-mesopores) were supported by the appropriate presence of O (4.26%) heteroatoms. Oxygen within the carbon matrix enhanced the electrode-electrolyte interaction by adding active sites, thereby contributing additional pseudocapacitance. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance showed a high specific capacitance of 490 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The energy density and power density reached 62.93 Wh/kg and 156.67 W/kg, indicating the excellent electrochemical performance of the RSL@PC-0.5 material. This study presented a supercapacitor material derived from biomass, showing a new PC with O self-doped fiber nanostructures that could serve as a rational reference for the practical application of environmentally friendly energy storage.
KW  - Red-suren-leaves; porous carbon; multi_level_pores; self-doping; supercapacitor_energy_storage

DO  - 10.32604/jrm.2026.02026-0022