@Article{or.2026.081674,
AUTHOR = {Antonio David Lázaro-Sánchez, Javier David Benítez-Fuentes, Sofía Wikström-Fernández, María Nevado-Rodríguez, Pablo Conesa-Zamora, Ginés Luengo-Gil, Alejandra Ivars-Rubio, Marta Zafra-Poves, Edgardo D. Carosella, Belén Fernández-Molina, Andrés Nieto-Olivares, María José Sánchez de las Matas Garre, Ana Belén Arroyo},
TITLE = {Immunotherapy in Bellini Duct Carcinoma: A Systematic Review},
JOURNAL = {Oncology Research},
VOLUME = {},
YEAR = {},
NUMBER = {},
PAGES = {{pages}},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/or/online/detail/27181},
ISSN = {1555-3906},
ABSTRACT = {<b>Background:</b> Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC; Bellini duct carcinoma) is a rare, aggressive renal cancer with no established standard of care, and evidence for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy in CDC remains emerging and fragmented. We aimed to systematically synthesise efficacy and safety data on immunotherapy in adult patients with CDC. <b>Methods:</b> PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to 29 March 2025, with targeted post-search monitoring of key journals and ClinicalTrials.gov updated on 11 April 2026. Prospective interventional studies, observational cohorts/registries, and case series/reports were eligible. Screening, extraction and risk-of-bias appraisal (Joanna Briggs Institute tools) were performed independently in duplicate; results were narratively synthesised. <b>Results:</b> Overall, ICIs—particularly combinations—showed clinically meaningful activity in a subset of CDC patients. Twenty-four studies met criteria (2 prospective trials, 8 observational cohorts, 14 case-level publications/16 patients). The SUNNIFORECAST randomised phase II trial reported a CDC-specific ORR of 40% with ipilimumab + nivolumab versus 20% with standard of care (n = 9 CDC). Observational evidence yielded ORR ~10–44% and mOS ~13–42 months depending on regimen, with the highest activity seen with ICI plus TKI combinations. Durable complete responses (≥3–6 years) were documented at case level with dual checkpoint blockade and anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Safety was generally manageable, though serious events occurred sporadically (immune-mediated hepatitis; one fatal pneumonia). <b>Conclusions:</b> ICIs—particularly combination strategies—demonstrate clinically meaningful activity in selected patients with CDC, but evidence is limited by small samples, heterogeneity and high risk of bias. Prospective, biomarker-informed CDC-dedicated trials and coordinated registries are needed.},
DOI = {10.32604/or.2026.081674}
}