@Article{096504018X15149761920868,
AUTHOR = {Hung-Tsung Lee, Cheng-Hsieh Huang, Wuan-Chun Chen, Chi-Shan Tsai, Yu-Lin Chao, Szu-Han Liu, Jun-Hong Chen, Yi-Ying Wu, Yi-Ju Lee},
TITLE = {Transglutaminase 2 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells},
JOURNAL = {Oncology Research},
VOLUME = {26},
YEAR = {2018},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {1175--1182},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/or/v26n8/56732},
ISSN = {1555-3906},
ABSTRACT = {Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given that the major threat of cancer is 
metastasis, delineation of the molecular mechanism underlying it would help devise therapeutic strategies. 
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), belonging to the transglutaminase superfamily, is a versatile protein with enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. It mainly localizes inside the cell, but also appears extracellularly. Recent 
findings have demonstrated the involvement of TG2 in cancer development. Here we examine the role of 
TG2 in metastasis of lung cancer using a lung cancer cell line CL1-0, which exhibits low invasiveness, and its 
invasive subline CL1-5. Our results show that CL1-5 cells express a higher amount of TG2 than CL1-0 cells. 
Overexpression of TG2 in CL1-0 enhances cell migration and invasion, and lowering TG2 expression in CL1-5 
cells reduces their ability to do so. The transamidase activity of TG2 is not required since cells expressing the 
inactive TG2 mutant or treated with a TG2 inhibitor are still able to migrate and invade. TG2-stimulated migration and invasion are, at least in part, mediated by Rac, as inhibition of Rac activity suppresses cell migration 
and invasion. Lastly, exogenous application of recombinant TG2 protein to CL1-0 cells substantially augments cell migration and invasion, suggesting the significance of extracellular TG2 in promoting these events. 
Collectively, our results show that TG2 plays a positive role in cell migration and invasion, and this might help 
metastasis of lung cancer cells.},
DOI = {10.3727/096504018X15149761920868}
}