TY  - EJOU
AU  - Wang, Huan 
AU  - Xie, Jindong 
AU  - Li, Na 
AU  - Liu, Qianwen 
AU  - Song, Wenqi 
AU  - Chen, Wenkuan 
AU  - Peng, Cheng 
AU  - Tang, Hailin 

TI  - Unraveling Immunotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors: Decoding Mechanisms and Charting Future Therapeutic Landscapes
T2  - Oncology Research

PY  - 2025
VL  - 33
IS  - 12
SN  - 1555-3906

AB  - Solid tumors comprise the majority of the global cancer burden, with their incidence and associated mortality posing considerable challenges to public health systems. With population growth and aging, the burden of these tumors is anticipated to increase further in the coming decades. The progression of solid tumors depends on dynamic interactions between malignantly transformed cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy improves T cell-mediated antitumor activity by suppressing regulatory pathways, such as programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1. Nonetheless, its widespread application is constrained by drug resistance. In this comprehensive review, we elucidate the latest advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance, explore pioneering approaches, such as combination therapeutic regimens and nanoscale drug delivery platforms, and propose future avenues for research. These include investigating the intricacies of drug resistance pathways, refining combination therapy strategies, and modulating the TME, along with other key areas.
KW  - Solid tumor; immune checkpoint inhibitor; ICI; drug resistance; tumor microenvironment; TME

DO  - 10.32604/or.2025.067592