Jinhui Ge¹, Xiaoliang Liu^{2, *}, Guo Liang³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.3, pp. 1945-1958, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.010977 - 30 June 2020

Abstract With the expansion of the application scope of social computing problems, many path problems in real life have evolved from pure path optimization problems to social computing problems that take into account various social attributes, cultures, and the emotional needs of customers. The actual soft time window vehicle routing problem, speeding up the response of customer needs, improving distribution efficiency, and reducing operating costs is the focus of current social computing problems. Therefore, designing fast and effective algorithms to solve this problem has certain theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, considering the time delay… More >

Jingjian Chen¹, Gang Xu^{1, *}, Fengqi Wei¹, Liqiang He²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.3, pp. 1845-1858, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.010010 - 30 June 2020

Abstract Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network communication. Opportunistic networks routing algorithms are numerous and can be roughly divided into four categories based on different forwarding strategies. The Prophet routing algorithm is an important routing algorithm in opportunistic networks. It forwards messages based on the encounter probability between nodes, and has good innovation significance and optimization potential. However, the Prophet routing algorithm does not consider the impact of the historical… More >

Xinliang Tang¹, Man Zhang¹, Pingping Yu¹, Wei Liu², Ning Cao^{3, *}, Yunfeng Xu⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.3, pp. 1725-1739, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.010272 - 30 June 2020

Abstract In a large-scale wireless sensor network (WSN), densely distributed sensor nodes process a large amount of data. The aggregation of data in a network can consume a great amount of energy. To balance and reduce the energy consumption of nodes in a WSN and extend the network life, this paper proposes a nonuniform clustering routing algorithm based on the improved K-means algorithm. The algorithm uses a clustering method to form and optimize clusters, and it selects appropriate cluster heads to balance network energy consumption and extend the life cycle of the WSN. To ensure that More >

Jinyuan Li¹, Hao Li¹, Guorong Cui¹, Yan Kang^{1, *}, Yang Hu¹, Yingnan Zhou²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.2, pp. 925-940, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.09903 - 10 June 2020

Abstract With continuous urbanization, cities are undergoing a sharp expansion within the regional space. Due to the high cost, the prediction of regional traffic flow is more difficult to extend to entire urban areas. To address this challenging problem, we present a new deep learning architecture for regional epitaxial traffic flow prediction called GACNet, which predicts traffic flow of surrounding areas based on inflow and outflow information in central area. The method is data-driven, and the spatial relationship of traffic flow is characterized by dynamically transforming traffic information into images through a two-dimensional matrix. We introduce… More >

Haijun Geng¹, Jiangyuan Yao^{2, *}, Yangyang Zhang³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.1, pp. 665-679, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.09912 - 20 May 2020

Abstract Loop free alternate (LFA) is a routing protection scheme that is currently deployed in commercial routers. However, LFA cannot handle all single network component failure scenarios in traditional networks. As Internet service providers have begun to deploy software defined network (SDN) technology, the Internet will be in a hybrid SDN network where traditional and SDN devices coexist for a long time. Therefore, this study aims to deploy the LFA scheme in hybrid SDN network architecture to handle all possible single network component failure scenarios. First, the deployment of LFA scheme in a hybrid SDN network More >

Chao Guo^{1, *}, Juan Guo², Chanjuan Yu¹, Zhaobin Li¹, Cheng Gong³, Abdul Waheed⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.64, No.1, pp. 439-454, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.09792 - 20 May 2020

Abstract Satellite networks have high requirements for security and data processing speed. In order to improve the reliability of the network, software-defined network (SDN) technology is introduced and a central controller is set in the network. Due to the characteristics of global perspective, control data separation, and centralized control of SDN, the idea of SDN is introduced to the design of the satellite network model. As a result, satellite nodes are only responsible for data transmission, while the maintenance of the links and the calculation of routes are implemented by the controller. For the massive LEO… More >

Xiaoli He^{1, 2}, Hong Jiang^{1, *}, Yu Song^{1, 3}, Muhammad Owais⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.3, pp. 1273-1296, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.09908 - 30 April 2020

Abstract This paper investigates the power control and routing problem in the communication process of an energy harvesting (EH) multi-hop cognitive radio network (CRN). The secondary user (SU) nodes (i.e., source node and relay nodes) harvest energy from the environment and use the energy exclusively for transmitting data. The SU nodes (i.e., relay nodes) on the path, store and forward the received data to the destination node. We consider a real world scenario where the EH-SU node has only local causal knowledge, i.e., at any time, each EH-SU node only has knowledge of its own EH… More >

Ahmed Y. Hamed¹, Monagi H. Alkinani², M. R. Hassan^{3, *}

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.3, pp. 1159-1173, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.09176 - 30 April 2020

Abstract In the distributed networks, many applications send information from a source node to multiple destination nodes. To support these applications requirements, the paper presents a multi-objective algorithm based on ant colonies to construct a multicast tree for data transmission in a computer network. The proposed algorithm simultaneously optimizes total weight (cost, delay and hop) of the multicast tree. Experimental results prove the proposed algorithm outperforms a recently published Multi-objective Multicast Algorithm specially designed for solving the multicast routing problem. Also, it is able to find a better solution with fast convergence speed and high reliability. More >

Tao Wu¹, Lei Xie¹, Xi Chen², Amir Homayoon Ashrafzadeh³, Shu Zhang^{4, *}

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.2, pp. 873-890, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.07478 - 01 May 2020

Abstract The efficient management of ambulance routing for emergency requests is vital to save lives when a disaster occurs. Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm is a kind of metaheuristic algorithms applied to deal with the problem of scheduling. This paper analyzed the motion pattern of particles in a square potential well, given the position equation of the particles by solving the Schrödinger equation and proposed the Binary Correlation QPSO Algorithm Based on Square Potential Well (BCQSPSO). In this novel algorithm, the intrinsic cognitive link between particles’ experience information and group sharing information was created by More >

Wuyungerile Li^{1, *}, Baoyintu¹, Bing Jia¹, Junxiu Wang¹, Takashi Watanabe²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.1, pp. 353-368, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.06210 - 30 March 2020

Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology, wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention. Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad hoc networks, it is important to establish a reliable and energy-balanced transmission path in Ad hoc networks. This paper proposes an energy-based dynamic routing protocol based on the existing AODV routing protocol, which has the following two aspects of improvement: (1) In the route discovery process, a node selects a suitable route from the minimum energy consumption route and the energy-balanced More >