Enas W. Abood¹, Ali A. Yassin^2,*, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar^2,3,4,*, Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi^5,6, Iman Qays Abduljaleel², Abdulla J. Y. Aldarwish², Husam A. Neamah^7,8

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 2305-2345, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066579 - 23 September 2025

Abstract The digital revolution era has impacted various domains, including healthcare, where digital technology enables access to and control of medical information, remote patient monitoring, and enhanced clinical support based on the Internet of Health Things (IoHTs). However, data privacy and security, data management, and scalability present challenges to widespread adoption. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review that examines the authentication mechanisms utilized within IoHT, highlighting their critical roles in ensuring secure data exchange and patient privacy. This includes various authentication technologies and strategies, such as biometric and multi-factor authentication, as well as the influence More >

Amal Al-Rasheed¹, Hashim Ali^2,*, Rahim Khan^2,*, Aamir Saeed³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 3419-3436, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065156 - 23 September 2025

Abstract In the domain of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), emerging technologies are crucial to addressing longstanding concerns surrounding transaction security and patient privacy. This paper explores the integration of smart contracts and blockchain technology as a robust framework for securing sensitive healthcare data. By leveraging the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, the proposed approach ensures transparency, integrity, and traceability of EMR transactions, effectively mitigating risks of unauthorized access and data tampering. Smart contracts further enhance this framework by enabling the automation and enforcement of secure transactions, eliminating reliance on intermediaries and reducing the potential for… More >

Saeed Ullah¹, Junsheng Wu^1,*, Mian Muhammad Kamal², Heba G. Mohamed³, Muhammad Sheraz⁴, Teong Chee Chuah^4,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.2, pp. 2647-2681, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.068849 - 31 August 2025

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem faces growing security challenges because it is projected to have 76.88 billion devices by 2025 and $1.4 trillion market value by 2027, operating in distributed networks with resource limitations and diverse system architectures. The current conventional intrusion detection systems (IDS) face scalability problems and trust-related issues, but blockchain-based solutions face limitations because of their low transaction throughput (Bitcoin: 7 TPS (Transactions Per Second), Ethereum: 15–30 TPS) and high latency. The research introduces MBID (Multi-Tier Blockchain Intrusion Detection) as a groundbreaking Multi-Tier Blockchain Intrusion Detection System with AI-Enhanced Detection, which… More >

Hitesh Mohapatra^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 221-247, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.068338 - 29 August 2025

Abstract Fault tolerance is essential for reliable and sustainable smart city infrastructure. Interconnected IoT systems must function under frequent faults, limited resources, and complex conditions. Existing research covers various fault-tolerant methods. However, current reviews often lack system-level critique and multidimensional analysis. This study provides a structured review of fault tolerance strategies across layered IoT architectures in smart cities. It evaluates fault detection, containment, and recovery techniques using specific metrics. These include fault visibility, propagation depth, containment score, and energy-resilience trade-offs. The analysis uses comparative tables, architecture-aware discussions, and conceptual plots. It investigates the impact of fault… More >

Saad Awadh Alanazi¹, Fahad Ahmad^2,3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 769-800, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066753 - 29 August 2025

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive and secure architectural framework for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), integrating the foundational principles of the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) triad along with authentication mechanisms. Leveraging advanced Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, the proposed system is designed to safeguard Patient-Generated Health Data (PGHD) across interconnected medical devices. Given the increasing complexity and scale of cyber threats in IoMT environments, the integration of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) with intelligent analytics is critical. Our methodology employs both standalone and hybrid ML & DL models to… More >

Tsu-Yang Wu^1,2, Haozhi Wu², Maoxin Tang³, Saru Kumari⁴, Chien-Ming Chen^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 1715-1732, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065560 - 29 August 2025

Abstract With the rapid development and widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the innovative concept of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged, ushering in a new era of intelligent transportation. Since vehicles are mobile entities, they move across different domains and need to communicate with the Roadside Unit (RSU) in various regions. However, open environments are highly susceptible to becoming targets for attackers, posing significant risks of malicious attacks. Therefore, it is crucial to design a secure authentication protocol to ensure the security of communication between vehicles and RSUs, particularly in scenarios where More >

Kuncham Sreenivasa Rao¹, Rajitha Kotoju², B. Ramana Reddy³, Taher Al-Shehari⁴, Nasser A. Alsadhan⁵, Subhav Singh^6,7,8, Shitharth Selvarajan^9,10,11,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 1899-1916, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.064728 - 29 August 2025

Abstract Protecting Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-Industrial Internet of Things (SCADA-IIoT) systems against intruders has become essential since industrial control systems now oversee critical infrastructure, and cyber attackers more frequently target these systems. Due to their connection of physical assets with digital networks, SCADA-IIoT systems face substantial risks from multiple attack types, including Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), spoofing, and more advanced intrusion methods. Previous research in this field faces challenges due to insufficient solutions, as current intrusion detection systems lack the necessary accuracy, scalability, and adaptability needed for IIoT environments. This paper introduces CyberFortis, a… More >

Qamar H. Naith^1,*, H. Mancy^2,3

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.1, pp. 387-405, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.066917 - 31 July 2025

Abstract Effective water distribution and transparency are threatened with being outrightly undermined unless the good name of urban infrastructure is maintained. With improved control systems in place to check leakage, variability of pressure, and conscientiousness of energy, issues that previously went unnoticed are now becoming recognized. This paper presents a grandiose hybrid framework that combines Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-based Explainable AI (XAI) for adaptive and interpretable water resource management. In the methodology, the agents perform decentralized learning of the control policies for the pumps and valves based on the real-time… More >

Huiping Chen^1,*, Xianliang Zheng², Anguo Fu¹

Journal of Psychology in Africa, Vol.35, No.3, pp. 403-409, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpa.2025.066392 - 31 July 2025

Abstract We explored the relationship between Internet altruistic behavior (IAB) and subjective well-being (SWB) to estimate the effects and directionality of that predictive relationship between the two. Employing cross-lagged models we examined the interaction between IAB and SWB, among 339 college students (females = 53.10%, mean age = 19.02 years, SD = 1.56 years). The students were tracked twice in a period of 5 months. Results showed that college students’ IAB increased significantly, while their SWB remained relatively stable during the two measurement periods. IAB and SWB had significant simultaneous and sequential correlations. SWB at Time More >

Muhammad Adil^1,*, Mona M. Jamjoom², Zahid Ullah³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.3, pp. 4363-4380, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066551 - 30 July 2025

Abstract In today’s digital world, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role in both local and global economies due to its widespread adoption in different applications. This technology has the potential to offer several advantages over conventional technologies in the near future. However, the potential growth of this technology also attracts attention from hackers, which introduces new challenges for the research community that range from hardware and software security to user privacy and authentication. Therefore, we focus on a particular security concern that is associated with malware detection. The literature presents many countermeasures, but… More >