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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    AI Based Traffic Flow Prediction Model for Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles

    P. Thamizhazhagan1,*, M. Sujatha2, S. Umadevi3, K. Priyadarshini4, Velmurugan Subbiah Parvathy5, Irina V. Pustokhina6, Denis A. Pustokhin7

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 3333-3347, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020197 - 27 September 2021

    Abstract There is a paradigm shift happening in automotive industry towards electric vehicles as environment and sustainability issues gained momentum in the recent years among potential users. Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicle (CAEV) technologies are fascinating the automakers and inducing them to manufacture connected autonomous vehicles with self-driving features such as autopilot and self-parking. Therefore, Traffic Flow Prediction (TFP) is identified as a major issue in CAEV technologies which needs to be addressed with the help of Deep Learning (DL) techniques. In this view, the current research paper presents an artificial intelligence-based parallel autoencoder for TFP,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Optimal Distribution of RSU for Improving Self-Driving Vehicle Connectivity

    Khattab Alheeti1, Abdulkareem Alaloosy1, Haitham Khalaf2, Abdulkareem Alzahrani3,*, Duaa Al_Dosary4

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 3311-3319, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019773 - 27 September 2021

    Abstract Self-driving and semi-self-driving cars play an important role in our daily lives. The effectiveness of these cars is based heavily on the use of their surrounding areas to collect sensitive and vital information. However, external infrastructures also play significant roles in the transmission and reception of control data, cooperative awareness messages, and caution notifications. In this case, roadside units are considered one of the most important communication peripherals. Random distribution of these infrastructures will overburden the spread of self-driving vehicles in terms of cost, bandwidth, connectivity, and radio coverage area. In this paper, a new More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Real-Time and Intelligent Flood Forecasting Using UAV-Assisted Wireless Sensor Network

    Shidrokh Goudarzi1,2,*, Seyed Ahmad Soleymani2,3, Mohammad Hossein Anisi4, Domenico Ciuonzo5, Nazri Kama6, Salwani Abdullah1, Mohammad Abdollahi Azgomi2, Zenon Chaczko7, Azri Azmi6

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.1, pp. 715-738, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019550 - 07 September 2021

    Abstract The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising technology that could be used to monitor rivers’ water levels for early warning flood detection in the 5G context. However, during a flood, sensor nodes may be washed up or become faulty, which seriously affects network connectivity. To address this issue, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could be integrated with WSN as routers or data mules to provide reliable data collection and flood prediction. In light of this, we propose a fault-tolerant multi-level framework comprised of a WSN and a UAV to monitor river levels. The framework is… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Secure Communication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

    Navid Ali Khan1, N. Z. Jhanjhi1,*, Sarfraz Nawaz Brohi2, Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi3, Abdulaleem Ali Almazroi4

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.1, pp. 601-618, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019419 - 07 September 2021

    Abstract Mavlink is a lightweight and most widely used open-source communication protocol used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Multiple UAVs and autopilot systems support it, and it provides bi-directional communication between the UAV and Ground Control Station. The communications contain critical information about the UAV status and basic control commands sent from GCS to UAV and UAV to GCS. In order to increase the transfer speed and efficiency, the Mavlink does not encrypt the messages. As a result, the protocol is vulnerable to various security attacks such as Eavesdropping, GPS Spoofing, and DDoS. In this study, we… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    BATTERY COOLING OPTIONS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH HEAT PIPES

    Randeep Singha,*,†, Gero Lappa, Jason Velardob, Phan Thanh Longa, Masataka Mochizukic, Aliakbar Akbarzadehd, Abhijit Dated, Karsten Mausolfe, Kristin Bussee

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.16, pp. 1-8, 2021, DOI:10.5098/hmt.16.2

    Abstract In this paper, different options, based on heat pipes, for thermal management of electric vehicle (EV) battery system, at cell, module and pack level, for 40 to 400 W output heat, has been explored, analysed and compared. Cooling architecture based on embedded heat pipe (EHP) with single phase pumped cold plate (CP), as most adaptable design for low to medium range EVs, while EHP with loop heat pipe (LHP) as high performance design for high-end carlines, has been classified as potential cooling systems. Experimentally, it was shown that EHPs will provide best performance for heat More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Intelligent Forwarding Strategy in SDN-Enabled Named-Data IoV

    Asadullah Tariq1, Irfan ud din1, Rana Asif Rehman2, Byung-Seo Kim3,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.3, pp. 2949-2966, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017658 - 24 August 2021

    Abstract Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a rapidly growing technology for efficient vehicular communication and it is shifting the trend of traditional Vehicular Ad Hoc Networking (VANET) towards itself. The centralized management of IoV endorses its uniqueness and suitability for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) safety applications. Named Data Networking (NDN) is an emerging internet paradigm that fulfills most of the expectations of IoV. Limitations of the current IP internet architecture are the main motivation behind NDN. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is another emerging networking paradigm of technology that is highly capable of efficient management of overall networks… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Mixture Model Parameters Estimation Algorithm for Inter-Contact Times in Internet of Vehicles

    Cheng Gong1,2, Xinzhu Yang1, Wei Huangfu3,4,*, Qinghua Lu5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.2, pp. 2445-2457, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016713 - 21 July 2021

    Abstract Communication opportunities among vehicles are important for data transmission over the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Mixture models are appropriate to describe complex spatial-temporal data. By calculating the expectation of hidden variables in vehicle communication, Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm solves the maximum likelihood estimation of parameters, and then obtains the mixture model of vehicle communication opportunities. However, the EM algorithm requires multiple iterations and each iteration needs to process all the data. Thus its computational complexity is high. A parameter estimation algorithm with low computational complexity based on Bin Count (BC) and Differential Evolution (DE) (PEBCDE)… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Security and Privacy in 5G Internet of Vehicles (IoV) Environment

    Benjamin Kwapong Osibo1, Chengbo Zhang1, Changsen Xia1, Guanzhe Zhao2, Zilong Jin1,3,*

    Journal on Internet of Things, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 77-86, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jiot.2021.017943 - 15 July 2021

    Abstract Modern vehicles are equipped with sensors, communication, and computation units that make them capable of providing monitoring services and analysis of real-time traffic information to improve road safety. The main aim of communication in vehicular networks is to achieve an autonomous driving environment that is accident-free alongside increasing road use quality. However, the demanding specifications such as high data rate, low latency, and high reliability in vehicular networks make 5G an emerging solution for addressing the current vehicular network challenges. In the 5G IoV environment, various technologies and models are deployed, making the environment open More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Container Application Migration Algorithm in Internet of Vehicles

    Xiaoliang Lin1,*, Junxiao Shi1, Yanbo Wang1, Chenyang Liu1, Bin Lu1, Siwen Xu2

    Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 915-926, 2021, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.018513 - 01 July 2021

    Abstract Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a popular application scenario that combines edge computing and the Internet of Things. Among them, service migration caused by IoV application mobility is a research hotspot in this field. This paper studies the migration strategy of container applications based on edge computing in the IoV business scenario. In order to solve the difficulty in selecting the target server of the application to be migrated in the crossroads scenario, this paper converts the migration decision to the shortest path problem based on dynamic programming, and obtains the best migration choice at More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Context and Machine Learning Based Trust Management Framework for Internet of Vehicles

    Abdul Rehman1,*, Mohd Fadzil Hassan1, Yew Kwang Hooi1, Muhammad Aasim Qureshi2, Tran Duc Chung3, Rehan Akbar4, Sohail Safdar5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.68, No.3, pp. 4125-4142, 2021, DOI:10.32604/CMC.2021.017620 - 06 May 2021

    Abstract Trust is one of the core components of any ad hoc network security system. Trust management (TM) has always been a challenging issue in a vehicular network. One such developing network is the Internet of vehicles (IoV), which is expected to be an essential part of smart cities. IoV originated from the merger of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) and the Internet of things (IoT). Security is one of the main barriers in the on-road IoV implementation. Existing security standards are insufficient to meet the extremely dynamic and rapidly changing IoV requirements. Trust plays a… More >

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