@Article{chd.12632,
AUTHOR = {Cheryl L. Brosig, Laurel Bear, Sydney Allen, Pippa Simpson, Liyun Zhang, Michele Frommelt, Kathleen A. Mussatto},
TITLE = {Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 and 4 years in children  with congenital heart disease},
JOURNAL = {Structural and Congenital Heart Disease},
VOLUME = {13},
YEAR = {2018},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {700--705},
URL = {http://www.techscience.com/schd/v13n5/39047},
ISSN = {3071-1738},
ABSTRACT = {<b>Background and Objectives:</b> Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk 
for neurodevelopmental (ND) delays. The purpose of this study is to compare the ND 
testing results of children with CHD at 2 and 4 years of age and determine if rates of 
ND delays change over time.<br/>
<b>Methods:</b> Children with CHD completed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐III 
(BSID‐III) at 2 years of age, and standardized neuropsychological measures at 4 years. 
Scores were compared with test norms and were classified as: average (within one 
SD of test mean); at risk (1‐2 SDs from the test mean); and delayed (>2 SD from test 
mean). Pearson correlations and McNemar’s exact tests were performed to deter‐
mine the relationship between test scores at the two times of assessment.<br/>
<b>Results:</b> Sixty‐four patients completed evaluations at 24 ± 3 months of age and 
4 years of age. BSID‐III cognitive and fine motor scores were correlated with pre‐
school IQ and fine motor scores, r = .75 to .87, P < .0001. Agreement in score catego‐
ries was 79% for cognitive and 61% for fine motor. More patients had at risk or 
delayed scores at age 4 vs age 2 (P ≤ .01).<br/>
<b>Conclusion(s):</b> Despite significant correlations between 2‐ and 4‐year‐old test scores, 
many patients who scored in the average range at age 2 showed deficits at age 4. 
BSID‐III scores at age 2 may underestimate delays. Therefore, longitudinal ND as‐
sessment is recommended.},
DOI = {10.1111/chd.12632}
}