Road traffic noise pollution has been recognized as a serious issue which affects human health as well as affects urban regions. Noise maps are very beneficial to identify the impact of noise pollution. A noise mapping study performed to study the propagation of noise in tier-II city along with field measurements. The noise maps are developed using a computer simulation model (SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software). The noise prediction models like U.K’s CoRTN, Germany’s RLS-90, and their modified versions, which can be used for homogenous road traffic conditions, cannot be successfully applied in heterogeneous road traffic conditions of India. In developing country like India, road traffic noise pollution depends on the composition of heterogeneous traffic volume, variance in road geometrical, honking conditions, un-authorized parking, and varying density of the building on either side of the road. These traffic compositions contain vehicles, which have different sizes, speeds variations, a different dimension of vehicles. Because of fluctuating speeds, lack of lane disciplines, and un-authorized parking on main road lanes, honking events becomes inevitable, which changes and affects the urban soundscape of nations like India. Analysis of noise maps showed that horn honking due to un-authorized parked vehicles contributed an additional increase up to 11 dB (A) noise, which is quite significant.
In today’s era, urban roads in India are loaded with heavy traffic compassion linked with large groups of buildings spreading outside the original city zones [
The noise prediction models like a U.K’s CoRTN, Germany’s RLS-90 for traffic noise can be very useful for urban road design and assessment of current traffic noise conditions [
The study area selected for noise mapping was Surat city (tier-II city). The city covers an area about 326.515 sq.km and divided in seven zones. These seven zones include different activities such as business, residence, commerce, and industrial. Out of the seven zones, South-West zone and West zone were selected for the study purpose because these zones include diversified activities of business, residence, commerce. Zones with land use involving industrial activity were kept beyond the scope of this research work [
In West zone, three road stretches of 1 km each forming a triangle were selected (see
In the South-West zone, selected study area for the survey was 5 km stretch of Athwa-Dumas corridor and 4 km stretch of Udhna-Magdalla because these corridors contain all types of activities which can be affected by vehicular noise pollution (see
Noise monitoring was done at 5 locations in West zone and 31 locations in South-West zone in arterial roads of Surat city, with traffic volume, traffic speed, numbers of horns, and un-authorized parking counts. Residential as well as commercial buildings are located just on the roadside and these buildings are minimum 3 storeys and maximum 13 stories.
Measurements were carried out from Monday to Friday, the working days. Noise data were collected by using the KIMO DB 300/2 (see
The number of vehicles were counted that crossed the point of noise measurement from either direction on the road and vehicles were recorded by videography [
The data extraction process consists of four parts: namely noise level data, traffic (count & speed), and number of horns, un-authorized parking data. Noise levels (LAeq) and other noise indices (L10, L50, L90, L95) collected and stored in the automatic precision sound level meter, automatically generates a complete data sheet of all necessary noise data and statistics in a user-friendly way.
For developing road traffic noise model, it is essential to associate noise levels with sound generation, sound propagation, and sound reception [
Buildings were developed manually on the bitmap. The heights of the buildings was taken as 3.5 meters per floor. Residential as well as commercial buildings were located just on the roadside and these buildings were minimum 3 storeys and maximum 13 storeys. The traffic data was acquired by on site observation for traffic counts. The speed of the vehicle was taken using a radar gun and observed between 35 and 45 kmph during day and night. A further assumption in the computation was that all road and motorway surfaces are constructed of impervious bitumen and that all the measurements were taken only during, i.e., Monday to Friday [
To develop noise map, country-wise road calculation models such as RLS-90 from Germany, CoRTN:88 from UK, NMPB:2008 from France, TNM2.5 from US, etc., are available in SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software [
All the features of buildings were drawn and identified using tools available in SoundPLAN essential 4.0 such as road making tool, building making tool, receiver tool, calculation selection area tool, etc. Around 1600 building in South-West zone and 400 buildings in West zone of Surat city were drawn manually and ground elevation height for all buildings was taken from the Google Earth Pro. These buildings were a minimum of 3 stories and a maximum of 13 stories. The height of one floor considered was 3.50 meter so the minimum building height is 10.5 meter and the maximum is 45.5 meter. Traffic volume data, speed, and road inventory were given as per the model requirement. Receiver positions were input in the base map and identify its noise limit as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guideline (see
Area Code | Category of Area | Limits in dB(A) Leq | |
---|---|---|---|
Day Time | Night Time | ||
A | Industrial Area | 75 | 70 |
B | Commercial Area | 65 | 55 |
C | Residential Area | 55 | 45 |
D | Silence Zone | 50 | 40 |
The day time (6:00 to 22:00 hrs) and night-time (22:00 to 6:00 hrs) LAeq values measured at the site and predicted by RLS-90 and CoRTN:88 of SoundPLAN essential 4.0 are presented at
Also, four different noise maps, which are shown in
Locations | Measured LAeq | Predicted LAeq by SoundPLAN | |
---|---|---|---|
RLS-90 | CoRTN88 | ||
A1 | 71.7 | 62.3 | 58.5 |
B1 | 71.7 | 61.8 | 58.0 |
A2 | 76.1 | 66.6 | 63.2 |
B2 | 74.6 | 64.8 | 61.3 |
C | 72.2 | 62.9 | 60.4 |
Locations | Measured LAeq | Predicted LAeq by SoundPLAN | |
---|---|---|---|
RLS-90 | CoRTN88 | ||
A1 | 65.3 | 61.6 | 57.1 |
B1 | 66.4 | 62.6 | 57.4 |
A2 | 70.3 | 66.6 | 59.2 |
B2 | 72.6 | 69.9 | 61.5 |
C | 66.2 | 63.4 | 58.1 |
LAeq values predicted by RLS-90 are nearer to observed (actual) values and has the difference of up to 10 dB(A). Hence, among all available noise propagation models in SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software, RLS-90 proved to be the best for homogenous traffic conditions. Therefore, RLS-90 was used to develop a noise map for South-West zone of Surat city (
Locations | Day time | Nigh time | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured LAeq | Predicted LAeq | Difference | Measured LAeq | Predicted LAeq | Difference | |
A1 | 75.2 | 66.9 | 8.3 | 70.5 | 66.9 | 3.6 |
B1 | 76.5 | 68.0 | 8.5 | 70.7 | 67.1 | 3.6 |
A2 | 73.9 | 65.4 | 8.5 | 70.4 | 66.6 | 3.8 |
B2 | 73.5 | 65.3 | 8.2 | 70.6 | 67.7 | 2.9 |
A3 | 76.1 | 67.7 | 8.4 | 68.9 | 65.4 | 3.5 |
B3 | 73.6 | 65.2 | 8.4 | 71.3 | 68.8 | 2.5 |
A4 | 75.4 | 67.8 | 7.6 | 71.6 | 68.1 | 3.5 |
B4 | 76.6 | 67.8 | 8.8 | 68.1 | 66.2 | 1.9 |
A5 | 75.1 | 66.6 | 8.5 | 67.7 | 64.8 | 2.9 |
B5 | 74.6 | 66.0 | 8.6 | 67.0 | 64.1 | 2.9 |
A6 | 71.9 | 62.7 | 9.2 | 67.4 | 65.2 | 2.2 |
B6 | 75.2 | 67.0 | 8.2 | 67.2 | 64.8 | 2.4 |
A7 | 71.7 | 65.1 | 6.6 | 66.6 | 62.9 | 3.7 |
B7 | 73.2 | 66.2 | 7.0 | 67.9 | 64.7 | 3.2 |
A8 | 72.8 | 66.2 | 6.6 | 66.8 | 64.1 | 2.7 |
B8 | 73.1 | 65.8 | 7.3 | 68.8 | 65.2 | 3.6 |
A9 | 72.0 | 64.2 | 7.8 | 67.4 | 64.7 | 2.7 |
B9 | 71.7 | 64.2 | 7.5 | 69.6 | 66.5 | 3.1 |
A10 | 71.9 | 64.1 | 7.8 | 66.5 | 64.4 | 2.1 |
B10 | 72.5 | 64.9 | 7.6 | 68.1 | 64.8 | 3.3 |
C1 | 70.7 | 62.1 | 8.6 | 69.4 | 66.8 | 2.6 |
A11 | 73.1 | 65.2 | 7.9 | 65.8 | 64.6 | 1.2 |
B11 | 73.9 | 66.1 | 7.8 | 66.6 | 63.6 | 3.0 |
C2 | 71.3 | 62.7 | 8.6 | 64.3 | 61.9 | 2.4 |
C3 | 74.4 | 66.3 | 8.1 | 65.7 | 62.4 | 3.3 |
A12 | 72.3 | 64.6 | 7.7 | 68.2 | 65.2 | 3.0 |
B12 | 72.8 | 65.1 | 7.7 | 67.4 | 64.8 | 2.6 |
A13 | 72.5 | 64.1 | 8.4 | 68.0 | 64.9 | 3.1 |
B13 | 72.3 | 65.0 | 7.3 | 66.6 | 63.6 | 3.0 |
A14 | 72.8 | 65.2 | 7.6 | 69.4 | 66.1 | 3.3 |
B14 | 72.3 | 64.1 | 8.2 | 69.8 | 67.1 | 2.7 |
Residential as well as commercial buildings are located just on the roadside and enough parking space is not available. Therefore, people park vehicles on the main road. Also, due to the widely fluctuating vehicular dimensions, the composition of vehicles, speed of vehicles, lack of lane disciplines, and un-authorized parking on main road lane in heterogeneous road traffic conditions, horn honking becomes imperative. It changes the soundscape of the city considerably as compared to other cities of developed countries. Therefore, a model considering the factors o Indian urban condition such as heterogeneity, un-authorized parking, horn honking conditions should be developed, which probably may bring down the difference between predicted and measured values.
Globally, there have been number of excellent and precise traffic noise prediction models developed in last 15–20 years. This includes FHWA in USA, CoRTN in UK, RLS-90 in Germany, and TNM in USA. Noise prediction models developed for highways-expressway cannot be applied to urban road traffic noise conditions. Hence, RLS-90, which is inbuilt in SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software, was selected.
This RLS-90 takes into account many variables, which are responsible for noise generation/mitigation viz. hourly traffic flow, vehicle speed, road type, road geometry, and obstacles. This study has undergone exhaustive data collection and extraction for preparation of noise prediction models/maps, around 0.5 million noise readings. However, inspite of this quantum of data, the error between predicted and measured noise levels comes at around 4 to 11 dB(A).
On critically analyzing, it can be concluded that a slightly high error is due to the fact that RLS-90 is a prediction model developed for homogenous traffic conditions, whereas in country like India, heterogeneous traffic conditions prevail, which is in high contrast to western countries.
Due to varied vehicular dimension and composition, accelerating-decelerating speed, lack of lane discipline and un-authorized parking on roads, horn honking becomes imperative. These two significant parameters viz. number of horn counts and un-authorized parking may be the leading cause of higher error percentage between observed and predicted noise values. Kalaiselvi et al. [
There are many reasons for horn honking. After the actual observation on many streets of urban roads, it was found out that the major reason for horn honking is the occupancy of un-authorized parked vehicles on the side kerbs. Hence, a new horn correction factor of un-authorized parked vehicles in the RLS-90 model can be developed, which will be the extension/upgradation of RLS-90 model in heterogeneous traffic conditions.
I am thankful to S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat for cooperation and assistance.